The American Empires Public Affairs Strategy

Table of Contents Introduction United States and the Third World Commissioning of Polls Benefits of Commissioning Polls Effects of Commissioning Polls Conclusion Works Cited Introduction Recent literature shows that there is a close relationship between money and politics. This has some implications to both developed and developing democracies, meaning that finances affect democracy. In the developing world, many scholars have observed that money dominates politics because multinational corporations and powerful states have always influenced politicians to dance to their tune by offering them huge amounts of money during campaigns. Such politicians would in turn create policies that favor such multinational companies or agencies (Greenhouse 54).Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The American Empire’s Public Affairs Strategy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Furthermore, some politicians obtain money from illegal trades such as human and drug trafficking. Even though money is required to fund any democratic process, this paper discloses how the United States agencies and multinational companies have taken this advantage to manipulate political processes in developing countries. American agencies are known to influence elections in various parts of the world, especially where the American government has some stakes. Sponsored politicians would afterwards pay the debts by extending some favors to Americans, which is usually deranged. The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) is the key player during elections in many states. The agency has the responsibility of monitoring political events in countries it operates and reporting to the US state department for action. The agency further collects data pertaining to geo-political state affairs and evaluates necessary actions to be taken. Some parties in developing countries are usually funded while others are brand ed as traitors, especially those associated with socialist or communist ideas. The agency determines whom to fund, how much is to be issued and in which way should the same funds be utilized. Politicians and political parties in developing countries do not report to their supporters but to their financiers. Usually, funding is kept as a secret implying that it is never disclosed to the public. After elections, taxpayers are forced to pay dearly through engaging in unwarranted trade, consuming sub-standard goods and paying for debts that they did not create.Advertising Looking for term paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This article discusses the role of the USAID and the US state department in relation to elections in developing countries. The paper analyzes how Americans commission polls in countries they have interests. The article identifies that there are generally some things that Americans target, which compel them to participate in oversees elections actively. Such actions have profound consequences to the developing countries. This paper explores the effects that crop up due to external interference in elections. Voters in developing countries would not have genuine leaders because they are imposed on them by the world’s superpowers. Political interference is one of the reasons why the gap between the rich nations and poor will continue widening. The paper further clarifies that not all countries in the third world are under US surveillance. Americans are interested in the few states that matter. It is observed that economic interests, national security, ideological factors and diplomatic relations are some of the reasons that make Americans develop interests to influence political processes in other sovereign states. United States and the Third World The US government imports various commodities from the third world such as wheat flour, coarse grains and oilseeds (Cassen 65). These products are important because the US re-distribute them to the needy and to other countries that experience shortages. The products are frequently obtained at cheaper prices as opposed to sourcing them locally. Furthermore, American farmers benefit from good diplomatic ties between their government and foreign states. The farmers export their genetically modified products to the poor in the third world at exorbitant prices.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The American Empire’s Public Affairs Strategy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Such products are not allowed for consumption in the US economy. The third world acts as a dumping site for non-standard products. These farmers have their own mechanisms that ensure continuous exploitation of foreign markets. It is not surprising for the US state agencies to influence voting in developing countries. Non-responsive governments would reject Am erican farm products leading to heavy losses among American farmers. Such farmers would therefore lobby the government to ensure that only cooperative regimes are elected in developing countries (Cashel 42). On the other hand, insensitive governments in developing countries would be adamant to dispose farm products at low prices. American manufactures would undergo hardships because of increased costs of production. The government interferes with elections in developing countries to safeguard the interests of manufactures, who play an important role in sustaining the economy. The world is experiencing a shortage of natural energy. European states are competing with the American government for natural power, forcing the government to come up with strategies that would guarantee continuous supply. The US government strives to obtain sufficient supplies of energy at low prices. The costs of production would skyrocket if energy prices go up. The government therefore comes up with approa ches that would ensure steady supply of fuel. Statistics show that the US has not been utilizing energy in the most cost effective way since 1970s. This has been due to low prices of energy and abundant supplies. In the modern world, supplies have been affected by competition from other states. Many countries are developing meaning that energy is consumed in high rates. Recent developments and economic recession has forced the US to interfere with sovereignties of other states in order to secure oil and other sources of natural energies.Advertising Looking for term paper on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The US depends on OPEC countries for energy supplies implying that elections in OPEC countries matter so much to Americans. The US government has been forced to engage Mexico in talks because of its potential of supplying natural energy. It is true that elections in Mexico are influenced by American agencies and multinationals. Only leaders who can guarantee cooperation with Americans are allowed to contest. Furthermore, the US government is presently engaged in the Middle East conflict system mainly because of oil. It is established by the American agencies that conflicts between Arab states and Israel would interfere with American interests. The US government is keen about the type of leadership in the Middle East region. The GCC was formed to cater for the interests of Americans. Americans would condemn unresponsive leaders claiming that they are undemocratic. Gaddafi was ousted because he was unwilling to cooperate with Americans. Oil is therefore one of the reasons why American s would interfere with sovereignties of other states. Recently, the US government has been trying to strengthen ties with the Arab countries, by encouraging Palestine to demand for sovereignty. Americans argue that the UN Security Council should allow Palestine to gain full independence because it deserves. This would pacify states in the MENA region, which would in turn enhance cooperation with Americans. Through this, the US would have a chance of influencing electioneering processes. In the existing international system, the US is unable to influence leadership in the Arab world because of riches and economic stabilities. Things like democracy and human rights are not a priority in the Arab world because of their culture and region. The US cannot tie anything to democracy and governance in the Arab states, unlike in the developing countries where democracy is tied to foreign Aid. Prevalent poverty predisposes African and South American states to US influence (Bollen and Paxton 19 0). The US has recently established an alternative strategy that would give it entry to the Arab world. During the Cold War, many states in Africa and South America could not elect their leaders freely because the US ensured that candidates of their choice were declared winners (Gaddis 76). The CIA collaborated with American multinational corporations to install leaders who would allow American firms to conduct trade peacefully. For instance, in 1960s, leaders who suggested or proposed nationalization of foreign firms were assassinated or were forced to operate outside the state boundaries. Such dissidents could not be allowed to form government because Americans could lose terribly. In Kenya for example, the head of state was advised by American investors to adopt an economic plan that would guide the nation to victory. The economic strategies were contained in Session paper number ten, which Kenyatta (head of state) termed as Kenya’s economic bible. Americans were against t he opposition because it supported communism, which meant that the economy was to be handled centrally. The US government provided Kenyatta with all technical support he needed in order to trounce the opposition. In effect, Kenyatta banned the opposition party, referred to as KPU (Kenya’s People Union), and its leader Jaramogi Oginga Odinga jailed (Bevan 276). The opposition leader was detained mainly because he opposed American interests by supporting the East (USSR). Nevertheless, the US investments in developing countries are extensive, highly visible and significant to American taxpayers. The investments give the US raw materials, manufactured goods and revenue. For instance, 39% of the US cumulative FDI in 1976 was in the third world. In other words, out of $137 billion US wealth, $29 billion was in the third world. Available data shows that the amount kept on increasing from 1976 to early 2000s, before China and other major powers became powerful economically. Surprisin gly, 37% of all American investments originated from the third world in 1980. The US lending institutions benefited a lot from the American hegemonic powers in the international system in 1980s. It is therefore observed that foreign investments benefits Americans in many ways, such as elevating the excellence and magnitude of employment, promoting efficiency and giving investors access to needed raw materials. In real sense, the American public does not benefit instead it is some individuals in the American society, especially the rich. Leaders in the developing countries perceived to be pursuing contrary interests are frequently attacked by Americans during elections. This contradicts the American policy of laissez faire, which claims that the economy should be allowed to operate according to its own internal logics. Policies made by American government aim at advancing trade, enforcing balance of payment and ensuring adequate taxation. The US government came up with Hickenlooper a mendment, which suggested that the US government would cut diplomatic relations with foreign states that expropriated US property without timely and sufficient reparation. The government would further monitor the progress of leaders who advocated for nationalization or expropriation of American investments without compensation. Such leaders or political parties would be dealt with during elections. To strengthen American influence, the US government established a national body referred to as Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC), whose role was to guarantee safety to American investors. The agency liaises with other American state organs to deliberate on the way forward during elections in each state. It can be observed in this section that Americans have various reasons that make them interfere with sovereignties of other states. Each state has its own interests and in case such wishes conflict with those of others, a state of war is inevitable. The existing international system compels a state to use all possible means to fulfill its interests. There is no central authority in the international system implying that the most powerful states will always have their way. The system is likened to the Hobbestian state of nature where life is anarchic and brutal. The most powerful acquires all the values and resources of society. In the same way, the most powerful states will always force the less developed ones to come into terms with their policies. The situation can only be rectified if states agree to surrender their sovereignty to one common central authority, which Hobbes referred to as Leviathan. The United Nations was created to rectify the mess but its role is so ineffective mainly because it lacks powers to enforce. Its existence depends on the good will of states, of which again the most powerful are given precedence. The UN is a toothless dog that depends on the US and other developed nations for funding and human resources (Brumberg 56). It ca nnot step up to rectify the mess caused by Americans in the international system. Americans will continue interfering with elections in some states mainly because of poverty. Politicians and political parties have no sources of funding, which makes them to seek American funding. The modern party system is characterized by expert campaign, which is costly and highly complicated. This gives Americans a chance to utilize their wealth in order to acquire more resources. Some scholars observe that candidate-centered parties in the developing countries are replacing the mass parties. This implies that leaders and their political parties are no longer interested in formulating policies but are more focused on power. Their major aim is to access governmental power and authority. Once in power, they attempt to fulfill their selfish interests by establishing links with foreigners, who are mainly Americans. Americans on their part will always ensure that such leaders remain in power by funding their campaigns during elections. Parties in developing countries are poorly structured, which gives Americans easy access to exploit the economy. Parties depend on the opinion of leaders meaning that there are no clearly laid down regulations and rules that guide them. Commissioning of Polls The executive branch of the US central government does not have a federal system that is charged with policy formulation for developing countries. The US government does not make laws for the developing countries relating to elections or any political processes. However, there are departments set up by the state to oversee political processes in developing countries. Such departments are usually in conflict because of contradictory interests. It naturally follows that policies aimed at regulating political processes in developing countries are fragmented. The department of state acts as a general supervisor by coordinating the activities of various agencies, including USAID. The state departme nt is not concerned about the interests of developing countries, although it claims to be apprehensive of leadership in the third world. The department maintains influence through mutual development, which is mainly in form of AID. Furthermore, the department has other interests that are mainly related to foreign policies. The US through its department of state influences the third world to implement policies that are favorable to American investors. Therefore, the state department has additional roles apart from economic development. The department is used as a political tool to fulfill short term, economic goals. American AID is tied to humanitarian issues such as freedom of press, respect of human rights, fair elections, appreciating interest groups, accountability, democracy, and good governance. Aid is given to states that respect the tenets of democracy meaning that elections must be free and fair. This gives Americans a good opportunity to manipulate the process of electing l eaders. Particular leaders are funded heavily by promoting their campaigns in famous Medias and bribing voters. The American department of treasury is also in charge of commissioning polls. The department approves assistance in form of AID to various cooperative states. Such assistance is usually tied to conditionality such as fairness in elections. Countries known to rig elections are erased from the list of those to be assisted. The department formulates policies that guide American global financial policies. The department is in charge of USAID, which is supposed to collect intelligence and advice the American investors on the geo-political climate of countries they operate. One of the AID program is the PL -480, which is only given to states that conduct peaceful elections. The department of defense is also involved in commissioning of polls in the third world. It supplies military weapons to states that are willing to cooperate with it. Furthermore, the department can intervene militarily to salvage the regime of desired leaders in the third world. A good example is the Vietnam case where the military department intervened militarily to reclaim the Southern part of Vietnam that was almost seized by Minh, who was a communist. The US government had rejected elections held democratically because a communist had emerged winner. The US government went ahead to support Southern rebels by supplying several weapons and offering technical assistance to militants. Minh’s regime wanted to flush out Americans and welcome Russians to Vietnam. Americans interpreted this as a betrayal and saw the need to intervene because American interests were at risk. While seeking to further their interests, Americans do not care whether lives are lost. The ‘My Lai massacre’ is one example that proves that American interests are more than anything else. The military killed innocent people only to achieve national interests. In the US, individuals can commission p olls in the developing countries. Dominant personalities can order state department to monitor elections and other important political processes in the third world. Depending on regimes, individuals have powers to use state machinery to achieve their interests abroad. During Nixon’s regime for example, the secretary of treasury (William Simon) opposed the idea that Americans would benefit from funding elections in the developing countries. The secretary arrived at this conclusion after conducting an extensive research, with the help of his subordinates. The secretary observed further that funding elections in the third world was contrary to the economic laws of America. The secretary of state (Henry Kissinger) and his undersecretary (Charles Robinson) supported the idea of funding elections in developing countries. They had strong reasons because they were scholars of international relations. They understood the importance of hegemonic powers in the international system. They observed that Americans would achieve desired results both economically and politically. Kissinger had a strong opinion that affected American foreign policy during his leadership at the state department. During Kissinger’s time, the US had a hawkish foreign policy, which led to many conflicts in the world. The US ensured that elections all over the world produced leaders of their choice. In some regions, elections resulted to wars because Americans funded losers to revolt against the democratically elected governments. This was a time when coups were everywhere, especially in Africa and Asia. American influence in elections led to emergence of military Juntas in South America (Sean 163). Either USSR or the US funded the Juntas. During these years, the international system was highly militarized leading to insecurity in the world. Many people lost their lives and property because of American interests. Kissinger’s foreign policies never allowed leaders in developing w orld to come up with strategies that would help their people. Capitalism was embraced the way it was, which could not help the poor. American government could have allowed leaders in the third world to adopt policies that would solve problems associated with poverty. Policy analysts observe that environmental consideration is important if a policy is to flourish. Nixon’s regime, with Kissinger as the state secretary forced many states to split while others chose to secede. North Korea parted ways with the South while Congo split into various provinces (Stueck 102). The problem of secession was caused by elections. Americans wanted some elements to dominate government because they could easily be influenced. This disillusioned many communities who decided to form their own governments, with the help of the UN. Power resources were not equitably distributed because of external influence. African scholars argue that the West, led by Americans, brought many problems to the contin ent (World Bank 88). Parties have never matured because they have never been given chances to restructure. In fact, single individuals control so many political parties in Africa. It is surprising because this is what Americans call democracy. The congress is also alleged to commission polls in the third world. In 1973, the congress instigated a reform program that would strengthen American foreign relations on human needs in developing countries (Sartorius and Vernon 320). It is observed that the congress has some powers bestowed to it by the constitution to make sure that American interests are achieved abroad. The Vietnam War changed the perception of congress meaning that the executive could not commit Americans to war without consulting the congress. The congress determines which countries, political parties and leaders to assist during elections in the third world. However, the congress relies on information from USAID and embassies. This is seen as an attempt to deter the exe cutive from pursuing contrary interests. The president cannot order American troops to intervene military to salvage his/her friends in foreign countries. The congress evaluates carefully what Americans could gain before endorsing any military action (Heng-fu Zou 313). The type of action is also assessed by the congress before it is implemented. The congress has proved to be a force to reckon with in determining foreign relations. At some point, the congress barred the executive from intervening military in El Salvador because Americans could get nothing. The sale of radar warning aircraft to the government of Saudi Arabia was also opposed by the congress. This was opposed because Saudi Arabia could use the technology to oppress its neighbors and dominate the region militarily. Commissioning of polls in the third world seems to be a matter of concern to various stakeholders in the American financial system. Interest groups are some of the many players that take part in electioneerin g processes in the third world. Trade unions are singled out as being in front line during elections in the third world. Unions have actually contributed too much to the stability and strength of the American society. It lobbies the government to assist developing countries during elections because of some reasons. Some of these reasons are self-interests while others are related to domestic economic conditions. In 1960s, the US was in full control of the world meaning that it had monopoly over world capital. Furthermore, the US was well to do economically because of high quality products and constant surpluses. The US enjoyed high technology that was not available to any other state. During these years, unions preferred to adopt the policy of free trade because no competitor could match their products. The problem started when other nations obtained high technology. American manufacturers could no longer enjoy monopolies forcing them to seek government help. The manufacturers can r equest the state to intervene militarily in order to force other states to consume their goods. Due to this reason, the state cannot allow developing nations to shift loyalties. The state ensures that citizens in developing countries use goods from the US. Without foreign markets, manufacturers could be forced to close down their businesses, which would cause various problems to the government, including evasion of tax. Furthermore, the state loses its economic power in the international system. Other interest groups such as religious organizations are also players in the US foreign relations. Such groups became active after the 1970s food crisis that rocked the world. They suggested that the US government and other developed countries must supply food to the needy in the developing countries. All the same, they also insist on accountability and clean elections. Some leaders have Islamic orientations while others are Christians. This is a major concern to religious groups. The power ful groups tend to sponsor candidates with socialist policies in the third world. Religious groups are much concerned about human rights meaning that political parties that respect human life are funded heavily in order to take over governmental powers and authority. Religious groups support socialist policies because they are aimed at supporting citizens economically. Finally, the issue of minority and ethnic groups emerges during elections in developing countries. One Senator concluded that ethnic groups play important roles in political processes both in the US and abroad. The senator termed this as secret weapon implying that such groups have political objectives abroad. The Jewish presence in America vs. American foreign policy in the Middle East serves as an example (Sayigh 20). Furthermore, the Greeks in America have been lobbying the government not to supply weapons to Turkey because of the Cyprus conflict. Ethnic communities have their own interests in their places of origi n implying that they would prefer certain leaders to others. Senior government officials would not allow the US to slap sanctions to their native states. Black Americans have prevented the US government from ousting certain leaders believed to be interfering with US interests in Africa. This implies that ethnicity and the issue of minority is a factor to reckon with during elections in the developing countries. The minorities have been reported to collect funds aimed at sponsoring some candidates in the developing countries (Turner 739). In conclusion, many stakeholders in the US can commission polls in developing countries. Overall, USAID is charged with the responsibility of feeding various stakeholders with relevant information. As earlier stated, the agency acts as a resource center in partnership with US embassies. Benefits of Commissioning Polls The Americans attempt to interfere with polls in the developing countries because of a number of reasons. Some benefits accrue becaus e of funding political parties and politicians in the developing countries. All stakeholders in the American public domain have one or two things that come their way because of funding parties in the third world. Manufacturers benefit from increased markets. Puppet leaders in the developing countries try to influence consumers to use American made products. Such leaders control imports by imposing heavy tariffs to goods originating from other states. This gives Americans a leeway to the economy. Furthermore, substandard goods are allowed to enter the market without scrutiny. Americans benefit because wider markets boost production in their country. Producers are guaranteed of ready markets, which in turn enhance employment. American foreign firms employ many American who could otherwise be jobless in their land. In this regard, commissioning of polls in the third world augments the standards of living of many Americans. Some products are not cheap to produce locally because of costs such as labor. America producers and manufacturers can easily import such goods from American controlled satellites. Raw materials are obtained at a relatively cheap price as compared to producing them locally. American elites benefit from commissioning polls because they invest in third world countries, which have cheap labor and unexploited markets. Such elites could face stiff competition at home. In most cases, goods produced are exported to the US where they are sold at high prices. This amounts to double profits, which encourage more investment. Employees are paid so cheaply in the third world. Governments in the developing countries cannot rise up to assist the poor because they are given some money or favors. Their relatives are given comfortable jobs, which silence them completely. In Kenya for example, the head of state (Daniel Moi) was supposed to nominate the deputy director of Delmonte Company, an American firm specializing in juice production. Workers could easily be separated whenever they attempted to fight for their rights. This means that American bourgeoisies use the state to advance their interests. This could not happen in their land because of the level of enlightenment and the nature of the constitution. The comprador-bourgeoisies are co-opted to come up with unfavorable labor laws. Commissioners of polls in the third world use state machinery such as the judiciary, police and labor ministries to mistreat workers. They cannot be questioned because they actually own the government. Furthermore, American firms operating in the third world can easily go against international labor laws without being questioned. Workers are never consulted whenever new techniques or technology is introduced in the company. Trade unions are the properties of the American elites. The poor are completely deprived of their independence because they are not given time to fulfill their societal roles. Workers in the third world are only left with time for carryin g out animal related activities such as eating, sleeping and procreating. In the real sense, this could not happen in the American society. In the developing countries, exploitation has reached unsurpassed levels whereby workers are alienated from their families. Workers produce goods they do not consume. Delmonte juice is extremely expensive meaning that no Kenyan laborer can afford. The American bourgeoisies use the white-collar employees to influence workers to be cooperative. Workers are threatened with retrenchments, sackings, punishment and demotions. These produce an effective laborer, which benefits American elites. Equally, the American government benefits from commissioning of polls. First, investments in the third world are repatriated to the American financial system. Rarely do investors utilize their money in the host state. A state under American domination is highly monitored in terms of production of weapons of mass destruction. Libya, Tunisia, Syria, Iraq and other Middle East states are under control of Americans. The states cannot engage in military strategies without informing the US. In fact, this is viewed as colonialism because everything is controlled by an external power. In the international system, a state stamps authority because of controlling political processes in various states. The US has a huge following in the world because leaders subscribe to their policies. This is helpful in the UN Security Council, especially during voting. American policies are approved immediately meaning that the state enjoys hegemonic powers. Trade cooperation between America and developing countries is unbalanced meaning that the US gains more than its satellites. Effects of Commissioning Polls The consequences of commissioning polls in the third world are both positive and negative. The negative ones outweigh the positive effects. To begin with, democracy is restored in the developing nations. During the Cold War, no leader was held accountable bec ause the US wanted their support. This led to emergency of personal rulers in Africa such as Id Amin of Uganda, Julius Nyerere of Tanzania and Gaddafi of Libya. Such leaders were brutal to citizens and could do anything to remain in power. They were leaders with low esteem. They were indifferent to the sufferings of people. Their governments were full of corrupt individuals (Alesina and Weder 97). In South America, military Juntas exercised terror on human beings. They could engage in drug trafficking without caring about the lives of the youth. A good example is FARC administration in Columbia, which was ruthless to citizens. The militia group took over government and instituted laws that would help it in distributing drugs liberally. Many farmers lost their wealth, including land. The state was ungovernable because militia groups were everywhere. With the help of the US and other developed nations, such military Juntas are no more and personal rulers in Africa cannot be found anyw here. American intervention can be said to be helpful because it has raised the level of awareness. Undemocratic leaders are being wiped out together with their political parties. During and after elections, no cases of tribal clashes are experienced because leaders are monitored by the US state agencies. During the Cold War era, elections were marred by post election violence, which caused the lives of many. Several people were rendered homeless due to tribal clashes. In Africa, elections were sources of conflicts because some states failed to recover from hangovers of elections. In the modern world, the US ensures that elections are conducted peacefully. Perpetrators of violence are carefully monitored. Some have been tried at the international criminal court at The Hague. Life is highly valued in the modern society and nothing should interfere with it, a part from natural disasters. Conversely, negative effects are more amazing because the US denies people a chance to elect leade rs freely. The electorate is influenced to vote for leaders favored by Americans. It could be more constructive if leaders are elected on merit. Influencing voters to vote for leaders is undemocratic. In fact, it is a violation of human rights. Proposed leaders are unresponsive to the sufferings of citizens. Furthermore, they can easily be compromised to betray the subjects. Once a leader acquires power illegally that is, through bribery, it is usually difficult to get him/her out. As some scholars have argued, power corrupts meaning that absolute power would corrupt absolutely. Furthermore, American interference in elections denies the electorate an opportunity to test leadership skills of politicians (Jha 310). Funding some parties over others facilitates hostilities that could easily lead to tribal clashes. This is because power is not adequately distributed. Money constrains chances of political contest. In extreme cases, it eliminates opposition. The ruling parties have an uppe r hand because they can access state machinery that may appease Americans to fund them. Funding one side leads to unequal access to power. This does not reflect the wishes of the majority because only sponsored candidates win elections. Bribing voters pervades politics and demoralizes the rule of law. Americans cannot argue to be promoting the rule of law yet they contribute in diving people. The rich become richer while the poor continue languishing in poverty. Citizens suffer more because financed leaders are only responsible to their financiers not the ruled. It should be noted that leaders in developing countries formulate a strong relationship with their American bosses to an extent of neglecting their own people. Whenever a controversy stems up, the views of the financiers are given priority. This leads to poor governance. Conclusion It is true that Americans interfere in political processes in the third world mainly because of their selfish interests. This is contrary to the popular belief that Americans intervene militarily in troubled regions to save human life. They frequently target some regions that are perceived to have natural resources such as oil. The US state department is in charge of America’s foreign policy. Its major aim is to further the interests of Americans. USAID is a state agency charged with the responsibility of reporting progress in developing countries. Economic reasons are the main cause of military intervention. Therefore, the US commissions polls mainly to assist its manufacturers to access markets. Furthermore, manufacturers are the first beneficiaries of American action in the third world. They have an opportunity of accessing wider markets without competition. Production costs are lower in developing countries hence manufacturers can maximize profits. There are both negative and positive effects of commissioning polls in developing countries. Generally, the USAID has done much to reduce human sufferings resulting fro m political causes. Works Cited Alesina, Alberto and Weder, Beatrice. â€Å"Do Corrupt Governments Receive Less Foreign Aid?† American Economic Review, 92.4, 2002. Bevan, Collier. â€Å"Anatomy of temporary trade shocks: The Kenya coffee boom of 1976–9†. Journal of African Economies, 1.2, 1993, 271– 305. Bollen, Kenneth and Paxton, Pamela. â€Å"Assessing international evaluations: An example from USAID’s Democracy and Governance Programs†. American Journal of Evaluation, 26.2, 2005, 189–203. Brumberg, Daniel. â€Å"Democratization in the Arab World? The Trap of Liberalized Autocracy†. Journal of Democracy, 13.1, 2002, 56. Cashel, Cardo. â€Å"The public sector impact of internal resource transfers†. Journal of Development Economics, 32.17, 2005, 42. Cassen, Robert. Rich country interests and Third World development. New York: Taylor Francis, 1982. Gaddis, John. We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War History. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. Greenhouse, Steven. â€Å"Helms Seeks to Merge Foreign Policy Agencies†. The New York Times, March 16, 1995. Heng-fu Zou. â€Å"The composition of Public expenditure and economic growth†. Journal of Monetary Economics, 37.2, 1996, 313-344. Jha, Shikha. â€Å"Fiscal effects of foreign aid in federal system of governance: The case of India†. Journal of Public Economics, 77.1, 2000, 307–330. Sartorius, Rolf and Vernon, Ruttan. â€Å"The Source of the Basic Human Needs Mandate†. The Journal of Developing Areas, 23.1, 1989, 331-362. Sayigh, Yezid. â€Å"Inducing a Failed State in Palestine†. Survival, 49.3, 2007, 7–39. Sean, Yom. â€Å"Jordan: Ten More Years of Autocracy†. Journal of Democracy, 20.1, 2009, 163. Stueck, William. The Korean War in World History. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2004. Turner, Mandy. â€Å"Building Democracy in Palestine: Liberal Peace Theory and the Election of Hamasâ € . Democratization, 13.5, 2006, 739–755. World Bank. Assessing Aid: What Works, What Doesn’t, and Why? New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. . This term paper on The American Empire’s Public Affairs Strategy was written and submitted by user Man-Thing to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Profile and Common Characteristics of a Pedophile

Profile and Common Characteristics of a Pedophile Pedophilia  is a psychiatric disorder in which an adult or older adolescent is sexually attracted to young children. Pedophiles can be anyone- old or young, rich or poor, educated or uneducated, non-professional or professional, and of any race. However, pedophiles often demonstrate similar characteristics. These are merely indicators and it should not be assumed that individuals with these characteristics are pedophiles. But knowledge of these characteristics coupled with questionable behavior can be used as an alert that someone may be a pedophile. Profile and Behavior Often male and over 30 years of age.Single or with few friends in his age group.Some  have mental illness, such as a mood or personality disorder.If married, the relationship is more companion based with no sexual relations in the early stages.Vague about time gaps in employment which may indicate a loss in employment for questionable reasons or possible past incarceration.Often talk to or treat children like adults. Interests and Hobbies Often fascinated with children and child activities, appearing to prefer those activities to adult oriented activities.Often refer to children in pure or angelic terms using descriptive words like innocent, heavenly, divine, pure, and other words that describe children but seem inappropriate and exaggerated.Hobbies are childlike, such as collecting popular expensive toys, keeping reptiles or exotic pets, or building plane and car models. Specific Age Targets Specific age of child they target; some prefer younger children, some older.Often his environment or a special room will be decorated in child-like decor and will appeal to the age and sex of the child he is trying to entice.Often prefer children close to puberty who are sexually inexperienced, but curious about sex. Relationships In most cases, the pedophile  turns out to be someone known to the child through school or another activity, such as a neighbor, teacher, coach, member of the clergy, music instructor, or babysitter. Family members like mothers, fathers, grandmothers, grandfathers, aunts, uncles, cousins, stepparents, and so on may also be sexual predators. Employment The pedophile will often be employed in a position that involves daily contact with children. If not employed, he will put himself in a position to do volunteer work with children, often in a supervisory capacity such as sports coaching, contact-sport instruction, unsupervised tutoring or a position where he has the opportunity to spend unsupervised time with a child. The pedophile often seeks out shy, handicapped, and withdrawn children, or those who come from troubled homes or underprivileged homes. He then showers them with attention, gifts, taunting them with trips to desirable places like amusement parks, zoos, concerts, the beach, and other such places. Pedophiles work to master their manipulative skills and often unleash them on troubled children by first becoming their friend, building the childs self-esteem. They may refer to the child as special or mature, appealing to their need to be heard and understood, to then entice them with adult activities with sexual content like x-rated movies or pictures. Grooming like this often goes along with consumption of alcohol or drugs to hamper the ability to resist or recall events that occurred. Minor children cannot consent, and sex without consent is rape. Stockholm Syndrome It is not unusual for the child to develop feelings for the predator and desire their approval and continued acceptance. They will compromise their innate ability to decipher good and bad behavior, ultimately justifying the criminals bad behavior out of sympathy and concern for the adults welfare. This is often compared to Stockholm Syndrome- when victims become attached emotionally to their captors. Friendship With Parents Many times pedophiles will develop a close relationship with a single parent in order to get close to their children. Once inside the home, they have many opportunities to manipulate the children- using guilt, fear, and love to confuse the child. If the childs parent works, it offers the pedophile the private time needed to abuse the child. Fighting Back Pedophiles work hard at stalking their targets and will patiently work to develop relationships with them. It is not uncommon for them to be developing a long list of potential victims at any one time. Many of them believe that what they are doing is not wrong and that having sex with a child is actually healthy for the child. Almost all pedophiles have a collection of pornography, which they protect at all costs. Many of them also collect souvenirs from their victims. They rarely discard either their porn or collections for any reason. One factor that works against the pedophile is that eventually the children will grow up and recall the events that occurred. Often pedophiles are not brought to justice until such time occurs and victims are angered by being victimized and want to protect other children from the same consequences. Laws such as Megans Law- a federal law passed in 1996 that authorizes local law enforcement agencies to notify the public about convicted sex offenders living, working or visiting their communities, have helped expose the pedophile and allows parents to better protect their children.

Case study of Netaporter and Topshop Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Case study of Netaporter and Topshop - Essay Example As Net-a-porter is based on online retailing, it is providing the services 7 days a week, 24 hours a day (refer as '24/7') with 120 international designers' luxury goods (clothing, shoes and accessories) to its customers throughout world. During the year 2005 sales was 21.3 million, which was 9.5 million increased compared to the previous year (Net-a-porter Limited, 2006). On the company's website, the front page links to "Home", What's New", "Magazine", "Designers", " Clothing", "Bags", "Shoes", "Accessories", "Gifts", "Sale" and "Explore" pages. These pages provide a wide array of information depending on the links that an individual may click. Among the web pages the most informative and a direct link for the customers is the "Magazine" page. It provides customers the overviews of each month fashion tendencies in six sections; "Most wanted", "IT list", "Get the look", "Style report", "Features" and "Profiles". There are also fully-explained information about the product by size chart (US, UK, FR, IT size), various images, fabrics, washing guide and price. These information adds value to the products and services of the company. Direct links are also provided when a customer clicks on the item in the fashion news sections, it automatically uploads the product information page. In that page you could see the pictures of the products, the detailed description of the product and the small shopping bag just on the top of the product you are reviewing. Once you click the shopping bag it automatically sends the products price and adjust the total in the Shopping Bag on the upper right corner of the page. This gives added convenience to the customer concerned. The customer does not have to waste their time seeking an item among thousand of items that the company carries. Natalie Massenet, founder of Net-a-porter said, "It was always my dream to be able to click on the pictures in a magazine and buy" (Anonymous (e)). 4.2.3.3 Choice The company carries a wide collection of designers products as we could see in its "Designers" page. There are over a hundred designer companies and businesses linked in their respective names. Customers may alternatively browse the page by category aside from browsing by designers. These links alone offers a collection that is robust enough to be browsed in just a day. The more the choices of collection of available products, the better for the company for it satisfies the freedom of choice among its customers. The website is also well designed in the way that it could only present the most appropriate products available for a given customer, for it considers the profile of an individual based on the records kept by the company in its databases. This factors lead the customer for a better line to choose from with the assurance that the choices they made is suited on their individual needs. 4.2.3.4 Delivery System Net-a-porter delivers to more than 50 countries around the world. Since the price of the products are based on UK/EU, non-EU country customers take advantage of the VAT, and the customer will be clearly informed about this during the transaction. It offers free shipping cost for purchases that cost over 1,000 (www.Net-a-porter.com). Table 3,

Leadership Bachelor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Leadership Bachelor - Essay Example However, should there be any lapses, which is the one to be blamed If there are irregularities, which are those people responsible Or which brain should conceptualize the plan in order to achieve success How can the people inside the team with different tasks and interests be guided with regards to their movement and execution of plans In these cases, it all boils down to one individual-The Leader. We all know that a team is composed of many individuals, but how important is the leader in unifying these individuals and to achieve the needed success of an endeavor or certain project Leader is defined as the one organizes or is in charge of the group or something that leads or guides others (allwords.com 1). In layman's term he is the one who is in charge of the team, the standard bearer per se. How vital is the performance of the leader in order to obtain the desired output Up to what extent does the leader takes over especially if he or she leads the team. These are only some of the questions that are in need to be answered in order for us to know the importance of a leader on a certain team. It is a common connotation that when the word team is used, it has something to do with sports. Perhaps, let us also take a look in this field. In almost all of the team sport, there are leaders in and off the playing court. A coach perhaps can be considered as leader as he is the one who creates and induces his system with regards to the performance of his players in each and every game. The quarterback in American football, point guard in basketball, libero in volleyball and stopper in football. All do have different designations but has the same impact and importance in the team. They lead the team in scoring and in defense. It is also said that they can make or unmake the team, so what's with these leaders that the whole team depends on them It is said that an organization regardless of its nature whether it is a business, political party, alliance et cetera is a form of team. They all have leaders. In most cases, the leaders are the ones whom they look up to whether they are into the peak of the success or into the bitterness of defeat. A team is defined as a group of people working on a common goal, with different task and interdependent with each other. This means that a certain team cannot succeed by an effort of an individual but rather an effort of different individuals with a common goal; they are united with a driving force. However, their efforts will almost be next to inutile, if no one will act to be the head or the leader of that team. Primarily, the main concern of the team leader is to ensure that the team's plan in order to succeed is properly executed. Tam leader must also know the strengths and weaknesses of each and every individual member in order to ensure that the manpower that is delegated to perform specific task can deliver the goods. The leader must also be a good follower like the old saying with regards to the leaders. They should always follow the rules that the team has prescribed for its members. With all these facts laid, it always boils down to one question. How important is leadership to a team Does it have an impact to a team considering a team is comprised of many individuals Sometimes leadership in team particularly in organization is

The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism Essay Example for Free

The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism Essay Maximilian Carl Emil Weber (1864-1920) was a renowned German political economist whose works are still influential in the field to date. He is credited among the founder of the modern study of public administration and sociology. In his analysis on religion, Weber wrote an essay on The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism wherein he argued that religion has largely shaped the different cultures of the world, creating differences between the eastern and western cultures. It is religion, according to him, which brought about the spirit of capitalism and bureaucracy in the western political culture. Protestantism and capitalism are social aspects that intermingle at several places. Protestantism is often associated with revolution and anarchy. It refers to a form of Christian faith holding principals of reformation. Reformation is this context refers to the revolution in the Christian realm which happened ion the 16th century in protest against some principles of the Roman Catholic Church. The leaders of the reformation established the protestant movement to run parallel to the Roman Catholic Church. The term is not used in reference to any particular church, but for the group of churches excluding Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Early Protestantism was characterized by the acceptance of the Christian holy book as the only source of absolute truth. They believe in universal priesthood and that faith is the only justification of one’s relationship in God. It is therefore a sin to doubt God and the provisions poof the Bible.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Capitalism on the other hand is an economic system that believes in the free market mode of business. A capitalist society is characterized by minimum state intervention in economic activities. Capitalists argue for the control of the economy being effected by market forces, where an entrepreneur engages in a capital investment to earn profits. Morality in such cases is relegated as the businessman is strictly after profits. In such a society, people should work extra hard to harness the benefits an economic venture.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There is however no society that can be fully capitalist. In all societies, the government has to intervene to inculcate an orderly environment for business to flourish. It has to create order where there is none, and establish a society of understanding, not the state of nature argued by Thomas Hobbes where life is short, brutish and involves a war of all against all. A capitalist system encourages hard work. Individuals are competing against themselves, and a social welfare tendency is mostly a marketing strategy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The bible is clear in support of capitalism. In the parable of the servant who was reprimanded because he did not invest the shilling he was given, Christianity is clear that people should be hard working and invest more. The bible goes ahead to say that whoever dies not work should not eat. This is the spirit of capitalism based on the principle of toiling and consequences of laziness faced by individuals and not groups.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is argued that the spirit of capitalism is deep rooted in Protestantism. Many of the clergy came from commercial circles. A large number of the adherents of Pietism are former commercial bigwigs, and the probability that they are going to frame the economic policies to suit the capitalist environment is very high. It is notable that  Ã‚   many capitalistic entrepreneurs sprung from clergymen’s families. A good example worth mentioning is Cecil Rhodes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Protestant churches were open to voluntary membership. This is a characteristic feature ioif a capitalist system, in whose advocates argue for freedom of choice and minimum government intervention, if it must intervene. This is different from the state sponsored European churches in Europe where Max lived. Any member could therefore be trusted in business, irrespective of the sect he confesses. However, misbehavior could cause excommunication.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In America, Weber also noted that the members of the protestant sect used to run the sects. This is at variance with the European model where the state appoints the pastors to rub these establishments, and therefore the pastor becomes a political appointee. The congregation insisted on preaching ethics as opposed to mere ideas of religious dogma. These were considered less important by the congregation at the time. Again members of the American church could replace corrupt or inefficient pastors on such basis.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   With time, the influence of the church seemed to wane away, with secular institutions gaining strengths in society. These secular organizations were keen to accept members who exhibit a clear record. The members assured the strict adherence to these principles, and not the hierarchical structure of governance. Traveling salesmen had to have a label indicating them as members of a certain organization, for the sake of building customer confidence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As Weber argues in his book The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, the protestant reformation was the origin of ethical behavior for businessmen, and has effectively promoted the growth of capitalism. References Fischoff, E. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, Social Research, Vol.XI, 1944,  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   pp.62-68 Swatos, W. H. (ed) Time, Place, and Circumstance: Neo-Weberian Studies in Comparative  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Religious History. New York: Greenwood Press. 1990 Swedberg, R. Max Weber and the Idea of Economic Sociology. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Strategic Human Resource Management Essay -- Employment, Change Proces

Writing Assignment #4 Strategic human resource management can be defined as the linking of human resources with strategic goals and objectives in order to improve business performance and develop organizational culture that foster innovation, flexibility and competitive advantage. In an organization SHRM means accepting and involving the HR function as a strategic partner in the formulation and implementation of the company's strategies through HR activities such as recruiting, selecting, training and rewarding personnel (Sinha, 2007). This is the effective way of organizing the workforce by the adoption of a specific strategy, where employees' performance can help to achieve the planned organizational targets, such as increasing revenue or improving the profit margin. However, there is no common strategic human resource definition that fits every situation (Lotinggi, 2008). This paper will focus on strategic human resource management at Smarte Carte, Inc. and attempt to make a determination if the co mpany uses SHRM effectively or if there are areas where improvements could be made. Smarte Carte Inc., is a vending services company that specializes in unattended vending in four segregated markets: luggage carts for rent at airports, shopping carts and baby strollers at shopping malls, electronic locker storage at a variety of locations such as transportation facilities, ski resorts, theme and water parks, and massage chairs located in airports, malls, fitness centers, and now even Wal-Mart. They have operations throughout the U.S. and Canada and a growing presence in Australia and New Zealand. Smarte Carte’s corporate office is located in St. Paul, MN where they employ 65 employees while employing approximately another ... ...ing enough in internal training and compliance audits to lower their risk in expensive employee litigation. Two key strategies that Smarte Carte has implemented in the recent past is a greater reliance on expert outside legal counsel for fighting and resolving labor law cases and adding employment practices liability insurance to prevent or cap large settlements in labor law disputes. With employment law becoming an increasingly complicated dimension of the employment relationship, it is more likely that managers unversed in the changing aspects of laws may commit violations (Mello, 2011). The reality of it boils down to even when you’re correct and did everything right in handling an employee situation, it costs an organization a significant amount of money defending itself. Smarte Carte’s strategy for utilizing outside counsel and EPLI is a good strategy.

Inclusive Practice

Inclusive Practice Inclusive practice in education moves us away from ‘integration' and ‘mainstreaming' of learners, which was mainly concerned with separating those with a disability or ‘special educational needs' until they had reached the required standard for mainstream education. Inclusion is about the learner's right to participate and the teacher/ institutions duty to accept the learner as an individual. Inclusion rejects the separation of learners with disabilities from learners without disabilities; instead it promotes equality and respect for their social, civil, human and educational rights.From what I can see there are few totally inclusive schools but those that are, restructure their curriculum so all can learn together without discrimination. Some key reports that have changed the face of education over the last decade and a half are: â€Å"Inclusive Learning† (1996) a report by John Tomlinson, was the result of a three-year enquiry into the ed ucational needs of and provision for adults with disabilities and/ or learning difficulties in England.It arose from the requirement of an Act of Parliament, in 1992 and states that; the new national funding council for further education should ‘have regard' for such students in all its work of funding, development and evaluation. ITSELF ? Learning for Teaching We believe that learning can only be fully effective if it is inclusive' ? Tomlinson 1996, case. Org. UK â€Å"Learning Works† the report of the Further Education Funding Council's committee on widening participation in Further Education Noun 1997), chaired by Baroness Helena Kennedy of the Shaw. The Learning Age† (Feb. 1998), the government consultation paper on lifelong learning, and the formal response to the National Committee of Inquiry into Higher Education's report Higher Education in the Learning Society. Key points being; more assessable learning opportunities, removing barriers I. E. Financial, di sability, investing in 16 + learners and improve quality.The Wolf report March 2011) Key points being; motivate young people to take the most valuable vocational qualifications pre-16, introducing study programmer for post-16 to ensure they are gaining skills which will lead to progression into a variety of Jobs or further learning, especially those who haven't done so well in English and mathematics to continue to study those subjects. To ensure apprenticeships deliver the right skills for the workplace, restructuring of the Qualification, Credit Framework (SCOFF) and enabling FEE lecturers and professionals to teach in schools, ensuring young people are being taught by those best suited to do so. education. Gob. UK Unfortunately with the changes in political power come changes in legislation. This on low income. Although only EYE per week, this could mean the difference between being able to afford to go to college or not. With the increases in University charges and the prospect of post graduates being left with huge debts to pay, or being told by bob centers they are ‘over qualified ‘ so no Jobs for them, it seems as though there has been a u turn in all the progress that had been made in the last decade and a half.Only time will tell what impact this will have on students and how many will want or be able to continue with their studies and what divide may be caused between those who can and can't afford to do this. In recent years, with the poor economic climate, many businesses have collapsed making people redundant. Faced with life changing decisions of having to change their career path and learning new kills; as the competition for Jobs with the skills they have may be too great, some of these individuals haven't been in the education system for many years and are faced in some circumstances with a frightening prospect of starting all over again.If they have had bad experiences in the past this will magnify the fear tenfold. I believe the refore it is even more important that teachers have experience in different skills and occupations as more learners may need to go directly into the work force and acquire work based training, with the employer supporting their learning. These are all barriers that have an impact on inclusive practice in the classroom as I can often have a group of learners with ages ranging from eighteen to sixty plus, from various backgrounds and experience.On one occasion I had a group of fifteen learners consisting of school leavers with no experience, some with varying amounts of experience in residential homes and hospitals. Some were returning to work Mums and others who had previously worked in Jobs such as, shop and office workers. There was one who had been a registered manager of a care home but had been dad redundant, with no vacancies in his area of expertise he decided to become a care worker, only a few weeks before he had been managing a workforce of twenty care workers, seniors and administration staff.It can be extremely difficult to accommodate such a wide cross section of individuals and sometimes to bridge the generation gap. Nears Care has policies in place to give individuals equal opportunities in training and employment (see appendix 1) From the introductions at the beginning of the session to the final goodbyes at the end of training I ensure that very learner is shown to be valued by all, showing interest in their opinions and what they have to say, valuing also their own experiences, which they bring into the room for all to share.No matter what their age, race, religion, disability, sexuality, and gender maybe, it is their opinions, work and life experience which is important for everyone to share and learn from. On 1st October 2010, the main provisions of the Equality Act 2010 came into force. It is a major simplification of discrimination legislation that makes the law easier to understand and comply with and delivers significant benefits for bus iness, public dies and individuals.It provides a new legislative framework to protect the rights of individuals and equality of opportunity for all; to update, simplify and strengthen the previous legislation; and to deliver a simple, modern and accessible framework of discrimination law which protects individuals from unfair treatment and promotes a will be brought in and likewise over the next year other provisions will be discussed and brought in; provisions relating to auxiliary aids in schools, to name one.The Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001 (SENDS) introduces the right for kissable students not to be discriminated against in education, training and any services provided wholly or mainly for students, and for those enrolled on courses provided by ‘responsible bodies', including further and higher education institutions and sixth form colleges. Education providers must also make ‘reasonable adjustments' to ensure that disabled students aren't discri minated against.Making reasonable adjustments could include; changes to practices or procedures, physical features, how learners are assessed and providing extra support and aids (such as peccaries teachers or equipment) The obligation for schools to provide extra support such as specialist teachers or equipment will be introduced at a later date – direct. Gob. UK 2011 1 have had many learners over the eight years I have been teaching, with many (SEEN) Dyslexia, color blindness, discalced (which I have learned about and identified during this course).I have had learners with sensory disabilities where I have had to make reasonable adjustments by restructure of the sessions, layout or materials and used others, from outside agencies to sign or give support one to one. For one learner, who was working towards their NV level 2 in care, I used a tape recording of accounts as she found it difficult to write reflective accounts due to having dyslexia.Sometime though it is difficult to make adjustments for one learner when it could be to the detriment of the rest of the class so it is not always possible to be completely inclusive, where possible I would try to meet their needs in a one to one session. Although I try to maintain inclusive practice within my sessions, it can be very difficult when talking about sensitive issues like abuse, some f the subject matter can cause distress to some individuals and so I ensure to warn them before the start of any subject that could cause distress or offense, that they may leave the room of ask to talk to me, or another in private.There are numerous legislations we are bound by in our work, some cover all individuals and industries and some are more specific to your chosen area. Health and Safety at Work Act 1974, Data Protection 1998, Human Rights Act 1998 are some of the acts that effect all of us and impact on our personal lives as well as at work. Some of the legislations that are pacific to my work and the area I t each are: Every Child Matters (2003), the title of three government paper leading to The Children's Act 2004. (ECMA) cover children and young adults up to 19 years old and 24 years old for those with disabilities.It was partly produced as a response to the death of Victoria Climb. The main aims of ECMA are; to be healthy, stay safe, enjoy and achieve, make a positive contribution and achieve economic well-being. We also take guidance from Children's Workforce Development Council. Safeguarding of Adults – (review of ‘No Secrets 2000' in 2008). Working with both of these vulnerable groups requires an enhanced CRAB (Criminal Records Bureau; a police check) to ensure the safety of the individual and the suitability of the worker, working with them.Misuse of Drugs Act 1971, Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2001 and Medicines Act 1968 & 1971; because our staff have the responsibility of assisting and administering medication. They also need to know how to safely assist with moving and positioning of an individual, the Manual this area. Everything that is done in care, health or mental health is regulated and inspected by the Care Quality Commission (ICQ) formally (SIC). This is not an exhaustive list but does highlight some of the diverse and complex regulations that have to be taken into account when carrying out my role as a training and development manager.It is important to be aware and take into account all of the above when planning sessions to be inclusive to the learners. When training my learners to be care assistants I have to prepare them for many situations that could arise in their daily work, so I need to ensure they have basic literacy and innumeracy which is established prior to induction training, if they didn't have the right level of understanding this would create a huge barrier to their learning and would really be setting them up to fail.If they don't reach the minimum requirements then we can send them to a local college or Learn Direc t and on completion of literacy, innumeracy or both they can come back and try again. If a learner informs us if they have any special requirements when asked at interview (initial assessment) we will meet with them and see how we can meet those needs, whether it be sitting closer to the front of the class and larger print on all materials or a signer for sensory difficulties, eddying up and or smaller groups, one to one or extra sessions for those who find it hard to work in larger groups.Offering staggered start and finish times, changing break times and length of breaks for child care responsibilities, medical condition, nutritional or religious requirements. If there were learners with existing conditions from prior injuries, for example; a back condition, I would see if there was a more comfortable or adapted chair, if they needed to get up and walk around would be acceptable and maybe I would get all the learners to move around to different groups o as not to single that indiv idual out.Wherever possible I remind all learners that what they are learning are life skills and not Just a work skill, I encourage learning from real life and not Just scenario based. At the end of each session we ask all the learners to complete a feedback form asking; what they thought about the whole experience, what they got out of it, what they most enjoyed, what they didn't enjoy, how was the environment, refreshments and breaks, could anything be improved and any comments on the teacher.They are anonymous, I get to read them and I use hem to reflect on the session and make any improvements. I keep them on file with attendance registers for local authority and ICQ inspectors as evidence of training when they conduct inspections. Nears send random feedback forms to a percentage of learners that are collated by Quality Assurance for internal audits. The statistics of these are given at training and standardization meetings that are held regularly around the country.At these me etings all trainers/teachers talk about their experiences what has worked for them and what hasn't, they talk about good and bad practice and anything new that has been developed. I have registered myself with groups such as ICQ, Community Care, Dignity, ICE, MacMillan, TEST, and elf and receive regular email keeping me up to date with anything new, I also watch documentaries pertaining to my work and attend training sessions to refresh and expand my knowledge.I spend a lot of time surfing the internet, research different things and am a member of the NW London Skills for Care sub-committee which also ensures I am up to date with legislative requirements and have an active part in the the privilege of helping the company achieve Investors in People (â€Å"P) over the last fifteen years and every three years to re-qualify for continual status. In both PIP and ICQ inspections' training has always been praised for its quality and support. Appendix 1 Some facts and achievements of Near s Care Ltd.The fact that Nears has been accredited by Investors in People (â€Å"P) since 1994 is one of the achievements of which we can all be most proud. During this period Nears has grown from 350 employees to over 13,000, PIP accreditation requires organizations to consistently operate in a way that develops employees and to actively engage with them to look for ways to improve the running of the company. It is also important that the organization is socially responsible and that people are committed to its' success.Nears may be a larger organization now but our commitment to staff development will never change. In 2011 you will see new efforts to increase our apprenticeships, support management development, launch our new Graduate programmer and continue to develop all our staff in Health and Safety. I would like to thank all staff for their individual contribution to our continuing success David Miles CEO EQUALITY AND DIVERSITY Nears Group PL and its subsidiaries are Equal O pportunities Employers.Our aim is to ensure that no Job applicant or employee receives less favorable treatment on the grounds of gender, race, disability, color, nationality, ethnic or national origin, marital status, sexuality, responsibility for defendants, religion, trade union activity and age (up to 65). Selection criteria and procedures are kept under review to ensure that individuals are selected, promoted and treated on the basis of their relevant merits and abilities. All employees will be given equality of opportunity within the company's service and will be encouraged to progress within the organization.To ensure that direct or indirect discrimination is not occurring, recruitment and other employment decisions are regularly monitored in conjunction with equal opportunities data concerning new and existing staff. The Nears Ethos is one of respect for people and we are fully committed to ensuring accessible services and opportunities to all. Our policies, procedures and w orking practices are designed to exceed government legislation and best practice in this area and to ensure that no discrimination either direct or indirect is tolerated throughout the group.We are all different. We look different, like different things, worship to different elisions and have different outlooks on life. Diversity is a term that values peoples' differences and supports the belief that these differences benefit a successful business or community. Committed to local employment. To the local contract, support economic and social regeneration, but also that our workforce reflects the community it serves. Staff who live locally and understand their communities help us to respond to and respect local culture.We recruit between 85% and 100% of local staff from the community To achieve this we ensure all vacancies are advertised on our website and with the local Job centre. When necessary we advertise in local newspapers and radio to maximize local awareness and interest. Ne ars support for local community projects also helps to make people aware of what we do and creates a positive impression of our business from prospective employees [pick] AGE POSITIVE Nears is very proud to be an Age Positive organization, an accreditation that we received in 2006.We are committed to promoting a diverse workforce and recognize the contribution more experienced employees offer to the business. We currently employ 31 people above the normal retirement age (2010). Case Studies Administrator 19 Years I Joined Nears North as an Office Junior in 2005 with basic office experience and an NV Level 2 qualification in Business Administration. In my role as Office Junior I worked closely with all the departments in Head Office and assisted the Office Manager with weekly payroll.Within a few months, I was given the opportunity to take responsibility for the processing of weekly payroll and promoted to Administrator in the finance department. I also achieved NV Level 3 in Busines s Administration and was awarded Apprentice of the Year 2005 by Recordable Training Association. Regional HER Advisor 58 Years â€Å"Prior to Joining Nears I worked for 34 years for an Electrical Engineering company in Newcastle. I started as a Commercial Apprentice and gained a BAA (Hon.) in Business Studies.I held various positions in HER starting as an assistant to the Personnel Officer and ending as a Regional HER Manager. In October 2004 1 took a voluntary redundancy package and decided to retire, but soon decided that I was far too young to retire. I knew that I had a lot to offer a new employer with over 30 years HER experience but the difficulty I then had was getting to the interview stage. Nears approach to recruitment for the Newcastle contract offered me a walk-in interview branches and was soon given two additional branches and the title of Regional HER Advisor.It's extremely exciting and challenging being part of a company growing so quickly and there is a very positi ve buzz about the place†. Joiner 63 years â€Å"I have always worked in construction but only Joined Nears in 2005. I consider my greatest achievement while working for the company has been coaching and supporting our trainees. The apprentices we employ have not all come through the usual channels and many have issues and difficult backgrounds. I aim to be patient and thoughtful, showing the apprentices how to do things the correct way! Inclusive Practice Inclusive Practice Inclusive practice in education moves us away from ‘integration' and ‘mainstreaming' of learners, which was mainly concerned with separating those with a disability or ‘special educational needs' until they had reached the required standard for mainstream education. Inclusion is about the learner's right to participate and the teacher/ institutions duty to accept the learner as an individual. Inclusion rejects the separation of learners with disabilities from learners without disabilities; instead it promotes equality and respect for their social, civil, human and educational rights.From what I can see there are few totally inclusive schools but those that are, restructure their curriculum so all can learn together without discrimination. Some key reports that have changed the face of education over the last decade and a half are: â€Å"Inclusive Learning† (1996) a report by John Tomlinson, was the result of a three-year enquiry into the ed ucational needs of and provision for adults with disabilities and/ or learning difficulties in England.It arose from the requirement of an Act of Parliament, in 1992 and states that; the new national funding council for further education should ‘have regard' for such students in all its work of funding, development and evaluation. ITSELF ? Learning for Teaching We believe that learning can only be fully effective if it is inclusive' ? Tomlinson 1996, case. Org. UK â€Å"Learning Works† the report of the Further Education Funding Council's committee on widening participation in Further Education Noun 1997), chaired by Baroness Helena Kennedy of the Shaw. The Learning Age† (Feb. 1998), the government consultation paper on lifelong learning, and the formal response to the National Committee of Inquiry into Higher Education's report Higher Education in the Learning Society. Key points being; more assessable learning opportunities, removing barriers I. E. Financial, di sability, investing in 16 + learners and improve quality.The Wolf report March 2011) Key points being; motivate young people to take the most valuable vocational qualifications pre-16, introducing study programmer for post-16 to ensure they are gaining skills which will lead to progression into a variety of Jobs or further learning, especially those who haven't done so well in English and mathematics to continue to study those subjects. To ensure apprenticeships deliver the right skills for the workplace, restructuring of the Qualification, Credit Framework (SCOFF) and enabling FEE lecturers and professionals to teach in schools, ensuring young people are being taught by those best suited to do so. education. Gob. UK Unfortunately with the changes in political power come changes in legislation. This on low income. Although only EYE per week, this could mean the difference between being able to afford to go to college or not. With the increases in University charges and the prospect of post graduates being left with huge debts to pay, or being told by bob centers they are ‘over qualified ‘ so no Jobs for them, it seems as though there has been a u turn in all the progress that had been made in the last decade and a half.Only time will tell what impact this will have on students and how many will want or be able to continue with their studies and what divide may be caused between those who can and can't afford to do this. In recent years, with the poor economic climate, many businesses have collapsed making people redundant. Faced with life changing decisions of having to change their career path and learning new kills; as the competition for Jobs with the skills they have may be too great, some of these individuals haven't been in the education system for many years and are faced in some circumstances with a frightening prospect of starting all over again.If they have had bad experiences in the past this will magnify the fear tenfold. I believe the refore it is even more important that teachers have experience in different skills and occupations as more learners may need to go directly into the work force and acquire work based training, with the employer supporting their learning. These are all barriers that have an impact on inclusive practice in the classroom as I can often have a group of learners with ages ranging from eighteen to sixty plus, from various backgrounds and experience.On one occasion I had a group of fifteen learners consisting of school leavers with no experience, some with varying amounts of experience in residential homes and hospitals. Some were returning to work Mums and others who had previously worked in Jobs such as, shop and office workers. There was one who had been a registered manager of a care home but had been dad redundant, with no vacancies in his area of expertise he decided to become a care worker, only a few weeks before he had been managing a workforce of twenty care workers, seniors and administration staff.It can be extremely difficult to accommodate such a wide cross section of individuals and sometimes to bridge the generation gap. Nears Care has policies in place to give individuals equal opportunities in training and employment (see appendix 1) From the introductions at the beginning of the session to the final goodbyes at the end of training I ensure that very learner is shown to be valued by all, showing interest in their opinions and what they have to say, valuing also their own experiences, which they bring into the room for all to share.No matter what their age, race, religion, disability, sexuality, and gender maybe, it is their opinions, work and life experience which is important for everyone to share and learn from. On 1st October 2010, the main provisions of the Equality Act 2010 came into force. It is a major simplification of discrimination legislation that makes the law easier to understand and comply with and delivers significant benefits for bus iness, public dies and individuals.It provides a new legislative framework to protect the rights of individuals and equality of opportunity for all; to update, simplify and strengthen the previous legislation; and to deliver a simple, modern and accessible framework of discrimination law which protects individuals from unfair treatment and promotes a will be brought in and likewise over the next year other provisions will be discussed and brought in; provisions relating to auxiliary aids in schools, to name one.The Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001 (SENDS) introduces the right for kissable students not to be discriminated against in education, training and any services provided wholly or mainly for students, and for those enrolled on courses provided by ‘responsible bodies', including further and higher education institutions and sixth form colleges. Education providers must also make ‘reasonable adjustments' to ensure that disabled students aren't discri minated against.Making reasonable adjustments could include; changes to practices or procedures, physical features, how learners are assessed and providing extra support and aids (such as peccaries teachers or equipment) The obligation for schools to provide extra support such as specialist teachers or equipment will be introduced at a later date – direct. Gob. UK 2011 1 have had many learners over the eight years I have been teaching, with many (SEEN) Dyslexia, color blindness, discalced (which I have learned about and identified during this course).I have had learners with sensory disabilities where I have had to make reasonable adjustments by restructure of the sessions, layout or materials and used others, from outside agencies to sign or give support one to one. For one learner, who was working towards their NV level 2 in care, I used a tape recording of accounts as she found it difficult to write reflective accounts due to having dyslexia.Sometime though it is difficult to make adjustments for one learner when it could be to the detriment of the rest of the class so it is not always possible to be completely inclusive, where possible I would try to meet their needs in a one to one session. Although I try to maintain inclusive practice within my sessions, it can be very difficult when talking about sensitive issues like abuse, some f the subject matter can cause distress to some individuals and so I ensure to warn them before the start of any subject that could cause distress or offense, that they may leave the room of ask to talk to me, or another in private.There are numerous legislations we are bound by in our work, some cover all individuals and industries and some are more specific to your chosen area. Health and Safety at Work Act 1974, Data Protection 1998, Human Rights Act 1998 are some of the acts that effect all of us and impact on our personal lives as well as at work. Some of the legislations that are pacific to my work and the area I t each are: Every Child Matters (2003), the title of three government paper leading to The Children's Act 2004. (ECMA) cover children and young adults up to 19 years old and 24 years old for those with disabilities.It was partly produced as a response to the death of Victoria Climb. The main aims of ECMA are; to be healthy, stay safe, enjoy and achieve, make a positive contribution and achieve economic well-being. We also take guidance from Children's Workforce Development Council. Safeguarding of Adults – (review of ‘No Secrets 2000' in 2008). Working with both of these vulnerable groups requires an enhanced CRAB (Criminal Records Bureau; a police check) to ensure the safety of the individual and the suitability of the worker, working with them.Misuse of Drugs Act 1971, Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2001 and Medicines Act 1968 & 1971; because our staff have the responsibility of assisting and administering medication. They also need to know how to safely assist with moving and positioning of an individual, the Manual this area. Everything that is done in care, health or mental health is regulated and inspected by the Care Quality Commission (ICQ) formally (SIC). This is not an exhaustive list but does highlight some of the diverse and complex regulations that have to be taken into account when carrying out my role as a training and development manager.It is important to be aware and take into account all of the above when planning sessions to be inclusive to the learners. When training my learners to be care assistants I have to prepare them for many situations that could arise in their daily work, so I need to ensure they have basic literacy and innumeracy which is established prior to induction training, if they didn't have the right level of understanding this would create a huge barrier to their learning and would really be setting them up to fail.If they don't reach the minimum requirements then we can send them to a local college or Learn Direc t and on completion of literacy, innumeracy or both they can come back and try again. If a learner informs us if they have any special requirements when asked at interview (initial assessment) we will meet with them and see how we can meet those needs, whether it be sitting closer to the front of the class and larger print on all materials or a signer for sensory difficulties, eddying up and or smaller groups, one to one or extra sessions for those who find it hard to work in larger groups.Offering staggered start and finish times, changing break times and length of breaks for child care responsibilities, medical condition, nutritional or religious requirements. If there were learners with existing conditions from prior injuries, for example; a back condition, I would see if there was a more comfortable or adapted chair, if they needed to get up and walk around would be acceptable and maybe I would get all the learners to move around to different groups o as not to single that indiv idual out.Wherever possible I remind all learners that what they are learning are life skills and not Just a work skill, I encourage learning from real life and not Just scenario based. At the end of each session we ask all the learners to complete a feedback form asking; what they thought about the whole experience, what they got out of it, what they most enjoyed, what they didn't enjoy, how was the environment, refreshments and breaks, could anything be improved and any comments on the teacher.They are anonymous, I get to read them and I use hem to reflect on the session and make any improvements. I keep them on file with attendance registers for local authority and ICQ inspectors as evidence of training when they conduct inspections. Nears send random feedback forms to a percentage of learners that are collated by Quality Assurance for internal audits. The statistics of these are given at training and standardization meetings that are held regularly around the country.At these me etings all trainers/teachers talk about their experiences what has worked for them and what hasn't, they talk about good and bad practice and anything new that has been developed. I have registered myself with groups such as ICQ, Community Care, Dignity, ICE, MacMillan, TEST, and elf and receive regular email keeping me up to date with anything new, I also watch documentaries pertaining to my work and attend training sessions to refresh and expand my knowledge.I spend a lot of time surfing the internet, research different things and am a member of the NW London Skills for Care sub-committee which also ensures I am up to date with legislative requirements and have an active part in the the privilege of helping the company achieve Investors in People (â€Å"P) over the last fifteen years and every three years to re-qualify for continual status. In both PIP and ICQ inspections' training has always been praised for its quality and support. Appendix 1 Some facts and achievements of Near s Care Ltd.The fact that Nears has been accredited by Investors in People (â€Å"P) since 1994 is one of the achievements of which we can all be most proud. During this period Nears has grown from 350 employees to over 13,000, PIP accreditation requires organizations to consistently operate in a way that develops employees and to actively engage with them to look for ways to improve the running of the company. It is also important that the organization is socially responsible and that people are committed to its' success.Nears may be a larger organization now but our commitment to staff development will never change. In 2011 you will see new efforts to increase our apprenticeships, support management development, launch our new Graduate programmer and continue to develop all our staff in Health and Safety. I would like to thank all staff for their individual contribution to our continuing success David Miles CEO EQUALITY AND DIVERSITY Nears Group PL and its subsidiaries are Equal O pportunities Employers.Our aim is to ensure that no Job applicant or employee receives less favorable treatment on the grounds of gender, race, disability, color, nationality, ethnic or national origin, marital status, sexuality, responsibility for defendants, religion, trade union activity and age (up to 65). Selection criteria and procedures are kept under review to ensure that individuals are selected, promoted and treated on the basis of their relevant merits and abilities. All employees will be given equality of opportunity within the company's service and will be encouraged to progress within the organization.To ensure that direct or indirect discrimination is not occurring, recruitment and other employment decisions are regularly monitored in conjunction with equal opportunities data concerning new and existing staff. The Nears Ethos is one of respect for people and we are fully committed to ensuring accessible services and opportunities to all. Our policies, procedures and w orking practices are designed to exceed government legislation and best practice in this area and to ensure that no discrimination either direct or indirect is tolerated throughout the group.We are all different. We look different, like different things, worship to different elisions and have different outlooks on life. Diversity is a term that values peoples' differences and supports the belief that these differences benefit a successful business or community. Committed to local employment. To the local contract, support economic and social regeneration, but also that our workforce reflects the community it serves. Staff who live locally and understand their communities help us to respond to and respect local culture.We recruit between 85% and 100% of local staff from the community To achieve this we ensure all vacancies are advertised on our website and with the local Job centre. When necessary we advertise in local newspapers and radio to maximize local awareness and interest. Ne ars support for local community projects also helps to make people aware of what we do and creates a positive impression of our business from prospective employees [pick] AGE POSITIVE Nears is very proud to be an Age Positive organization, an accreditation that we received in 2006.We are committed to promoting a diverse workforce and recognize the contribution more experienced employees offer to the business. We currently employ 31 people above the normal retirement age (2010). Case Studies Administrator 19 Years I Joined Nears North as an Office Junior in 2005 with basic office experience and an NV Level 2 qualification in Business Administration. In my role as Office Junior I worked closely with all the departments in Head Office and assisted the Office Manager with weekly payroll.Within a few months, I was given the opportunity to take responsibility for the processing of weekly payroll and promoted to Administrator in the finance department. I also achieved NV Level 3 in Busines s Administration and was awarded Apprentice of the Year 2005 by Recordable Training Association. Regional HER Advisor 58 Years â€Å"Prior to Joining Nears I worked for 34 years for an Electrical Engineering company in Newcastle. I started as a Commercial Apprentice and gained a BAA (Hon.) in Business Studies.I held various positions in HER starting as an assistant to the Personnel Officer and ending as a Regional HER Manager. In October 2004 1 took a voluntary redundancy package and decided to retire, but soon decided that I was far too young to retire. I knew that I had a lot to offer a new employer with over 30 years HER experience but the difficulty I then had was getting to the interview stage. Nears approach to recruitment for the Newcastle contract offered me a walk-in interview branches and was soon given two additional branches and the title of Regional HER Advisor.It's extremely exciting and challenging being part of a company growing so quickly and there is a very positi ve buzz about the place†. Joiner 63 years â€Å"I have always worked in construction but only Joined Nears in 2005. I consider my greatest achievement while working for the company has been coaching and supporting our trainees. The apprentices we employ have not all come through the usual channels and many have issues and difficult backgrounds. I aim to be patient and thoughtful, showing the apprentices how to do things the correct way!