IMAX Mangement Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

IMAX Mangement Case Study - Essay Example As per the case the strategic resource of IMAX is its technology. The technology which it use and develop helps the company to attain its strategic position. The technology of IMAX satisfies the VIRUS criteria in the following ways:- The technology of IMAX is valuable in many ways. Firstly it gives the organisation an edge over its competitors. IMAX was the first company who initiated the larger format films. It also made light weight 3D camera. The technology of IMAX also helped the company to achieve the scientific and technical achievement Oscar Award in 1997. The technology of IMAX cannot be imitated easily. The technology which was used by IMAX was developed by its research and development section. The organisation incurred huge costs in order to generate the advanced and superior technology. More over the development of the technology was a time taking process and the organisation has to do research for years to develop the technology. Anything which requires huge cost and time to generate cannot be copied by any other organisation very easily. The strategic resource should be rare in the industry in other words it should not be easily accessible to the other organisation. The technology of IMAX was not assessable to the other organisation. Strategic resource should be such which cannot be substituted by any other alternative resource in order to imitate any strategic decision. The technology used by IMAX for 3D images was very unique which was developed by the research and development wing. This type of technology is very difficult to be substituted. In this case, as per IMAX its main advantage is having a good brand image, a brand of for making larger format film. As IMAX latter has to face a rival Iwreks in larger format film category therefore its claim of being a brand of larger format film is not a strategic resource. Critical Analysis IMAX is a huge company which is involved in film production, photographic equipments, film distribution and theatre operations. This company was the first one to be to operate in large format film in the world. The main strength of IMAX is the technical aspect which gives it a unique identity and differentiates in the film and photographic industry. IMAX has implemented various strategies to expand and grow. The options which IMAX considered for its growth and expansion strategy were all strategic options which mean it satisfied the RACE criteria that is the recourses for the option were available, it were acceptable, coherent with other existing plans and efficient to achieve the objective. For expansion and growth the company chose to locate itself in multiples theatres, converting the Hollywood movies in its format and installing its projectors and other theatre equipments in different multiplexes. These options were all strategic because:- The resource which were needed for these options that is the hi-tech theatre equipments were already available to the company. They did not have to arrang e it separately. These options were aimed at increasing the customer base and the revenue therefore it was also acceptable to the stake holders. IMAX was already working in making movies in larger formats. Hence converting Hollywood movies in their format and shifting their location did not hamper their existing work. The objective of the

People Led District Disaster Management Essay Example for Free

People Led District Disaster Management Essay Soon after the Orissa Cyclone and thereafter the Gujarat earthquake the Government of India prioritized a national policy on disaster management and advocated a change of direction from a post disaster reactive approach to a proactive stance before the occurrence of disasters, provided a new legal framework and greater harmonization of disaster management efforts. The policy set forth principles (including significant community role and active civil society participation), objectives (including emphasis on prevention, DRR and promoting regional and national cooperation), strategies and provisions for promoting inter-sectoral complementarities. The Disaster Management Act 2005, mandates National, States and district authorities to develop policy, guidelines, plans for proper implementation of Disaster management plans to reduce adverse impact on communities and to facilitate timely and effective response. It stresses upon inclusion of mitigation, preparedness and DRR measures into development. As a result SDMAs in various states initiated development of district disaster management plans. However, some plans were merely a collection of contact phone numbers of important authorities and departments from the district. There were significant gaps in these operational plans mainly due to non availability of a standard framework, lack of expertise and dedicated resources. Lack of community participation and that of relevant stakeholders in the preparation process has resulted in lack of ownership among intended users and beneficiaries. Disasters tend to happen to people at risk. People are at risk because they are vulnerable to hazards. This vulnerability can be best reduced by increasing people’s capacities to deal with underlying social, cultural and physical factors. The key to successful disaster management plan is to ensure involvement of people who are victims and who are at risk or could be potential victims. If this is not practiced it is often unsustainable, costly and ineffective. Most DDMPs in the country lacked participation of affected communities and civil society. A participatory community level disaster management involves a cross section of people in the design and development process of the plan. When local people develop these plans there is more interest, greater ownership and understanding resulting in successfully reducing suffering and losses. The key principles of this approach thus are: * Community themselves are best placed to prioritize threats and take effective risk reducing actions. The best time to reduce the impact of disasters is before the next disasters occur. Hence, preventive actions should be integral part of the effective disaster management plan. * The identification and mapping of hazards along with who and what may be affected is necessary before risk reduction plans can be made. * Progress has to be well publicized to maintain interest and strengthen the culture of disaster reduction. An example of this is found in the recent NDMA/SDMA collaboration with civil society coming together to develop community led DDMP in Madhubani. One of the basic highlights of the Madhubani DDMP process is that though it oriented towards response but it also incorporates reduction and prevention thrust. Incidentally, prevention has been recognized as an important aspect of DDMP by the district and state/SDMA but also in the poverty reduction strategy. As a result of DDMP several agencies/departments in Madhubani have shown willingness to incorporate prevention measures in their regulations, such as the building codes by the town planners that regulate development of settlements. It was encouraging to note high level of commitment from various stakeholders to improving DRR mechanism. Tearfund has been working along with its partners to lobby with governments at all levels for influencing the policies and development of effective people friendly plans. The Madhubani DRR project implemented by its partner organisation EFICOR in 30 villages in Madhubani was instrumental in development of pilot District Disaster Management Plan (DDMP) along with support from SPHERE India. The strength of this pilot has been the process it has embarked upon wherein involvement and participation of all level of stakeholders from community to district/state/national government authorities in development process of this DDMP. In view of intensive involvement of all relevant stakeholders the pilot has received good response and acceptance from the NDMA and SDMA. This is considered as the first ever attempt in developing a DDMP which has come up from the active involvement of first respondent in any natural disasters. As mentioned above the thrust of development of DDMP is that it is being developed involving affected community, hence, the approach has been bottom-up, however at the same time, all relevant stakeholders, be it government departments or the NGOs and other actors have been involved and participated at all stages of development of the plan. This is truly a plan developed by the people and for the people. This plan has also influenced many other civil socieities to take up similar preparations for other districts and states with the support of NDMA.

Martin Luther :: essays research papers

Martin Luther MARTIN LUTHER, the greatest of the Protestant reformers of the 16th century, was born at Eisleben, on the 10th of November 1483. His father was a miner in humble circumstances; his mother, as Melanchthon records, was a woman of exemplary virtue, and esteemed in her walk of life. Shortly after Martin's birth, his parents removed to Mansfield, where their circumstances ere long improved by industry and perseverance. Their son was sent to school; and both at home and at school his training was of a severe and hardening character. When he reached his eighteenth year, he entered the university at Erfurt, with a view of qualifying himself for the legal profession. He went through the usual studies in the classics and the schoolmen, and took his degree as Doctor of Philosophy, or Master of Arts, in 1505, when he was twenty-one years of age. Previous to this, however, a profound change of feeling had begun in him. Chancing one day to examine the vulgate version of the Bible in the University Library, he saw with astonishment that there were more gospels and epistles than in the lectionaries. He was arrested by the contents of his newly found treasure. His heart was deeply touched, and he resolved to devote himself to a spiritual life. He separated himself trom his friends and fellow-students, and withdrew into the Augustine convent at Erfurt. Here he spent the next three years of his life - years of peculiar interest and significance, for it was during this period that he laid in the study of the Bible and of Augustine, the foundation of those doctrinal convictions which were afterwards to rouse and strengthen him in his struggles against the papacy. He describes very vividly the crisis through which he passed, the burden of sin which so long lay upon him, "too heavy to be borne;" and the relief that he at length found in the clear understanding of the "forgiveness of sins" through the grace of Christ. In the year 1507, Luther was ordained a priest, and in the following year he moved to Wittenberg, destined to derive its chief celebrity from his name. He became a teacher in the new university, founded there by the Elector Frederick of Saxony. In 1510 or 1511, he was sent on a mission to Rome, and he has described yery vividly what he saw and heard there. On his return from Rome, he was made a Doctor of the Holy Scriptures, and his career as a reformer may be said to have commenced.

Even Cowgirls Get the Blues - Within the Guidelines of Feminist Discour

Even Cowgirls Get the Blues - Within the Guidelines of Feminist Discourse Surprisingly, in spite of being a male from the 1970s, Tom Robbins has written a novel, Even Cowgirls Get the Blues, supporting feminism. This is a term that most of us are familiar with; yet, what is feminism? The Routledge Critical Dictionary of Feminism and Postfeminism defines "feminist purpose" for us as "an active desire to change women's position in society" (Brown, Meginis, and Bardari, 231). In order to discuss feminism in terms of Robbin's novel, we need to know what feminist theory means when applied to literature. According to Jonathon Culler, a professor of English and comparative literature at Cornell University and author of Literary Theory: A Very Short Introduction, feminist theory is based on "women writers and the representation of women's experience" (124). Naturally, Robbins does not fit the first category of being a woman author since he is male. Nevertheless, his novel Even Cowgirls Get the Blues fits within Culler's description of feminist novels that "cha mpion the identity of women [and] demand rights for women" (123-124). Robbins does this through the development of his female characters and the plot. Robbins produces a strong female character named Sissy Hankshaw whose beauty is marred by enormous, somewhat useless thumbs. In order to become independent, Sissy leaves the repressive atmosphere in her southern home by participating in the male-dominated phenomenon of hitchhiking as embodied by Jack Kerouac in On the Road. Sissy herself says in reference to her hitchhiking, "I'm the best there is, ever was or ever will be" (53) and develops a national reputation as a hitchhiker. She even competes with and befriends the... ... Jonathan Culler. Literary Theory: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 1997. Karl, Frederick R. Critique of Tom Robbins. Contemporary Literary Criticism. Ed. Roger Matuz. 233 vols. Detroit: Gale Research Inc., 1990. Perso, Jeffrey. "The Lost Highway." MetroActive Travel Online. 1 May 1997. 9 April 2001. http://www.metroactive.com/papers/cruz/05.01.97/hitchhike-9718.html. Robbins, Tom. Even Cowgirls Get the Blues. New York: Bantam, 1976. Siegel, Mark. Critique of Tom Robbins. Contemporary Literary Criticism. Ed. Roger Matuz. 233 vols. Detroit: Gale Research Inc., 1990. Travis, Cheryl Brown, Kayce L. Meginnis, and Kristin M. Bardari. "Beauty, Sexuality, and Identity: The Social Control of Women." Sexuality, Society, and Feminism. Ed. Cheryl Brown Travis and Jacquelyn W. White. Washington: American Psychological Association, 2000.

English and Spanish New World Colonies Essay

Most of the powerful Western European Nations became involved in exploration of the Americas. Spain started the trend with the exploration of Columbus. Observers realized that Columbus had not discovered Spice Islands south of China, but a whole new world to the Europeans. Expeditions of exploration in search of wealth were the first action of the explorers of the new land. Immediate metal wealth was not found in the Caribbean Islands, but it was found later on the Americas mainland. England was then enticed to claim land for itself, and claimed the lands of North America and benefited from early trading posts. Spain and England both participated in the exploration and colonization of the Americas, but their ambitions were different based upon the surrounding environment. Spain focused its exploration on the lands surrounding the Gulf of Mexico, and the Pacific link on the Western coast of South America. Like the English, the indigenous people of the acted friendly towards the Spanish explorers, then resisted after unjust massacres occurred. This common reaction comes with the part of human nature that accepts others, and rejects them after they have participated in undesirable actions. Similar to the English, the Spanish also colonized the lands of the new world and developed large cities, which served as political and economic centers. The geography of Central and South America contributed greatly to the amount of metals and valuable resources that were extracted from the ground and from the artifacts of the natives. Unlike the English, the Spanish employed Viceroys, or officials to rule the new world to keep order. These Viceroys reported directly to the king, and could be removed from office by a court of lawyers. These rulers were essential to the vast, spread out landmass that the Spanish conquered. Encompassing many different cultures such as the Aztec and the Inca, it was essential for the Spanish to have powerful political figures to run the government in the place of a king. The English however, relied on direct ties to the royalty of England to run their colonies. The English explored the colder, less metal rich region of North America. Although North America lacked in valuable metals, it was the source of furs that would revolutionize the European economy. The English were similar in  their economic views of establishing permanent colonies after the wealth of the trapping of beavers was extracted. Located within North America were greatly diffused native populations of different tribes. This did not lend well to missionary work, or laborers. Unlike the Spanish, the English did not breed with the indigenous people, and they received slaves from Africa to satisfy their labor needs. But similarly to the Spanish, the English contributed a large amount of their revenue created in the Americas to add wealth to their kings, and to expand the size and power of their armies. Overall, the Spanish and English shared many economic goals in expansion and exploration. However, their political structure and social organization differed from the environmental conditions and the personal cultural views. The establishment in political, social, and economic centers of power was a parallel evolution between these two country’s colonies, as is the enrichment of their country’s treasury and power.

Misbehaved Savages in Lord of the Flies Essays

Misbehaved Savages in Lord of the Flies Essays Misbehaved Savages in Lord of the Flies Essay Misbehaved Savages in Lord of the Flies Essay Essay Topic: Lord Of the Flies In the novel Lord of the Flies, by William Golding, the boys change from well educated and behaved, to savages. This is all caused by actions on the island such as hunger, age, fear, and Jacks decisions. Jack is a selfish character and creates violent situations; as long as he has what he needs, he has no care about the others. In the beginning of the novel, Jack is a 12 year old boy who wants to become chief since he was the leader of his choir. As Jack leaves and starts his own tribe, Ralph and Piggy discuss what they thinkwhat is causing conflict on island. Piggy states, â€Å"I dunno, Ralph I expect its him. â€Å"Jack?† â€Å"Jack.† A taboo was evolving around that word too. Ralph nodded solemnly. â€Å"Yes, I suppose it must be† (140. Golding). This discussion between Piggy and Ralph portray the blame Jack has for causing all the chaos and problems on the island. Another conflict that occurs is when jack realizes that they have no way of lighting a fire without Piggys glasses. When they asked what they are going to do Jack replies, â€Å"We’ll raid them and take fire.† (136. Golding).Jack wants to be a rebel and take the fire from them, instead of doing the right thing and asking for some. As the novel ends, you can see that when Eric and Sam talk to Ralph the nove l states â€Å"Theyre going to hunt you tomorrow† (188. Golding).Portrays the savage attitude Jack and his tribe have become; from hunting pigs to human beings. Jack went from being a humble, british school boy to being a complete savage. The conch is a main symbol of the novel; the boys use it as a way of peacefully communicating, but instead creates violence. Such as when Jack and Ralph are debating on Jacks side of the island, as Ralph brings up the conch Jack replies, â€Å"the conch doesnt count at this end of the island.† (150. Golding).Jack is indirectly saying that order doesnt count. You can see the order doesnt count on the island when â€Å"The rock str

Solution Definition in Chemistry

Solution Definition in Chemistry A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. A solution may exist in any phase. A solution consists of a solute and a solvent. The solute is the substance that is dissolved in the solvent. The amount of solute that can be dissolved in solvent is called its solubility. For example, in a saline solution, salt is the solute dissolved in water as the solvent. For solutions with components in the same phase, the substances present in lower concentration are solutes, while the substance present in highest abundance is the solvent. Using air as an example, oxygen and carbon dioxide gases are solutes, while nitrogen gas is the solvent. Characteristics of a Solution A chemical solution exhibits several properties: A solution consists of a homogeneous mixture.A solution is composed of one phase (e.g., solid, liquid, gas).Particles in a solution are not visible to the naked eye.A solution does not scatter a light beam.Components of a solution cannot be separated using simple mechanical filtration. Solution Examples Any two substances which can be evenly mixed may form a solution. Even though materials of different phases may combine to form a solution, the end result always exists of a single phase. An example of a solid solution is brass. An example of a liquid solution is aqueous hydrochloric acid (HCl in water). An example of a gaseous solution is air. Solution Type Example gas-gas air gas-liquid carbon dioxide in soda gas-solid hydrogen gas in palladium metal liquid-liquid gasoline solid-liquid sugar in water liquid-solid mercury dental amalgam solid-solid sterling silver

Learn the Italian Calendar Months

Learn the Italian Calendar Months You want to tell your language partner when you’re going to Italy for a vacation, and that’s when you realize you’re not sure how to say you’re arriving in May and leaving in July. What were the vocabulary words for those months again? In case you need a quick review or are learning these months for the first time, here is a list of the months to help you use them in daily conversation along with example sentences and cocktail party facts. I Mesi - The Months January - gennaioFebruary - febbraioMarch - marzoApril - aprileMay - maggioJune - giugnoJuly - luglioAugust - agostoSeptember - settembreOctober - ottobreNovember - novembreDecember - dicembre Cocktail party fact: Notice that the first letter of the month isn’t capitalized in Italian. In case you were wondering, the days of the week  and the seasons aren’t capitalized either. Some Examples Vado in Italia a maggio per tre mesi. - I’m going to Italy in May for three months.Parto per l’Italia a luglio. - I’m leaving for Italy in July.L’anno scorso sono stato in Italia da settembre a dicembre. - Last year I was in Italy from September to December.Il mio migliore amico abita in Italia sei mesi all’anno da gennaio a giugno. - My best friend lives in Italy for six months of the year from January to June.Il mio compleanno à ¨ il diciotto di aprile, quindi il mio segno zodiacale à ¨ l’ariete. - My birthday is April 18, so my zodiac sign is Aries.La festa sar a marzo. - The party will be in March.Vorrei andare in Danimarca a settembre, ma devo frequentare le lezioni. - I would like to go to Denmark in September, but I have to go to my classes.Ogni febbraio c’à ¨ una celebrazione dell’amore si chiama Il Giorno di San Valentino. - Each February there is a celebration of love called Valentine’s Day.Siamo ad ottobre! - We’re in October!/It’s October! Which Prepositions to UseWith Months Typically when you talk about an activity happening in a certain month, you use the preposition â€Å"a† before it to mean the English definition of â€Å"in†. In the examples above, you may have also seen the use of â€Å"da†, which mirrors the English definition of â€Å"from† when separating a distance of months. Finally, you also saw â€Å"di† precede a month, and that was used to indicate possession since it was a birthday. Why Was September the 7th Month Instead of the 9th Month? During the Roman empire, September was considered the 7th month, October the 8th, November the 9th, and so on. Why is that? According to the University of Chicago, after around 753 BCE, the Roman calendar began in March instead of January and only consisted of ten months instead of twelve. This structure was created by King Romulus and was based on a combination of the lunar cycles and the agricultural seasons. However, structuring the calendar in this way wasn’t as effective because the lunar cycles didn’t match up with the earth’s rotation around the sun and therefore didn’t accurately pair with the seasons.

Should legal scholars help public decision makers to ensure that Essay

Should legal scholars help public decision makers to ensure that contract law takes proper account of commercial reality - Essay Example This paper discusses whether the legal scholars should help the public decision makers in ensuring that the contract law takes commercial reality into consideration. For the purpose of this study various other aspects of contract law in conjunction with commercial situations has been analyzed and discussed in the ensuing paragraphs. Section one discusses the whether the commercial law can be changed to suit the market needs. Section two ponders over the issue of the appropriateness of courts as institutions for devising and framing market friendly laws. The subsequent sections discusses and analyzes the role of law in expanding and contracting market reach as well as the impact of instrumental desires and legalistic regimes on the markets. A detailed discussion on various schools of thoughts, impact of inclusion of academic (legal) theory and objectives etc have been included in the essay to lend credibility to the discussions and conclusions arrived there from. The Law is framed to serve the primary objective of establishing order and justice within a given society1. The Commercial Law proposes a legal framework which accelerates the process of trade by elevating effectiveness, faith and dependency and dissuading fraudulence and immorality by implementing effective laws such as contract law and trade practices legislation. It is imperative that the markets would either recede into disarray leading to commotion and anarchy or into self regulation in the absence of an efficient and impartial legal system. Although what outcomes the markets might be subjected to is a disputable issue, the advocates of the formalist perspective – an ideal which propagates the existence of a formal universal legal system suggest that such a legal system would offer ultimate benefit to the market. However, Posner2 (1996) contends that the law would hold relatively more significance â€Å"under a variety of plausible

Medical Intervention with the Disease of Osteoarthritis Essay

Medical Intervention with the Disease of Osteoarthritis - Essay Example Scientific investigations have clarified that the disease of osteoarthritis is common in older people following years of wear-and-tear that thin the cartilage and the bones (Davis 1988). Osteoarthritis can also result from diseases in which there is softening of the bone, like Puget's disease in which the long bones of the body curve like a bow, or osteoporosis with its bowing of the shoulder called "dowager's hump," or other bone degeneration (Hammerman 1989). Other forms of arthritis can also cause a secondary osteoarthritis. Despite what many have been told, osteoarthritis is not an inevitable problem of aging. Those who don't suffer from it may have their heredity and possibly the strength of their immune systems to thank. Medical science is not quite sure of all the factors that come into play in deciding who gets osteoarthritis and who doesn't. As was mentioned, osteoarthritis creates a formation of spurs of bone to form in the locations where the disease is most prevalent, oft en in the back of the neck, spinal column, and knees but in various other locations as well; as the research will continue to point out (Brandt 1988). This ultimately leads to restricted movement due to the destruction of the cartilage and causes inflammation and pain in the areas the disease targets. Arthritis alone is simply medically known as a swellin... d by the inflammation and the breakdown of cartilage around the joints which makes it far more complex than the basic form of arthritis itself (Hammerman 1989). Cartilage is the shock absorbing material between joints. The weight-bearing joints such as the knees, hips, and spine, as well as the hands, are the joints most often affected by osteoarthritis. These joints are under much greater stress because of additional weight and continuous use (lifting, sports, support, and movement). The concern that too much physical activity may lead to osteoarthritis is on the rise also (Davis 1988). Specialists who work with patients who have this disease now claim that too much physical activity can lead to osteoarthritis since "the continuous stress that physical activity places on the joints can result in micro trauma and degeneration of the articular cartilage" (Davis 1988). Osteoarthritis is also known as degenerative arthritis. Among the over 100 different types of arthritic conditions, os teoarthritis is the most common, affecting over 15 million people in the United States (Hammerman 1989). Before age 45, osteoarthritis occurs more frequently in males. After age 55 years, it occurs more frequently in females. Most cases of osteoarthritis have no known cause, and are called primary osteoarthritis (Brandt 1988). When the cause of the osteoarthritis is known, the condition is called secondary osteoarthritis. Primary osteoarthritis is mostly related to aging. After prolonged use of joints, the cartilage begins to degenerate by flaking or forming tiny crevasses. In advanced cases, there is a total loss of the cartilage cushion between the bones of the joints. Loss of cartilage cushion causes friction between the bones, leading to pain and minimized movement of the

International Financial management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

International Financial management - Essay Example From here, the borrowed money must be converted into to home currency or pounds sterling using the current spot rate of 1.2834because the company is assumed to invest what it has borrowed to earn interest at UK at 4%. Thus, the future value will be the total amount at  £393,447.48 will be received from the foreign exchange transaction at the end of six months. Also, when it is time to pay the foreign currency loan, it will use the foreign currency money it receives from its customer to pay such loan. Method I is an example of money market hedge where the current spot rate is the only relevant rate and fluctuations in spot rate in the future is not relevant. This can be done by borrowing foreign currency money at a fixed rate at the strength of future receipt of foreign currency. Method 2 on the other hand makes of forward exchange hedge. Note that the exchange rate that is relevant this time is the forward rate as it will determine the cash inflow that the company will receive in the future. Thus, the current spot rate and the subsequent fluctuations in spot rates during the period of six months are irrelevant. At the date of the contract is entered upon, there are no cash outflows or inflows involved. The cash inflow will happen at the end of the forward contract which is after six months. At six-month time, the company will give to the bank the 500,000 euros that it will receive from its customer. The bank in turn will give to the company the amount of 500,000 euros converted into the forward rate it has agreed with the company. Comparing the value to be received in Method 1 at  £393,447.48 as against  £392,003.14 to be received under the Method, there is evidence to choose the former at will give a net advantage of  £1,444.34 . The international risks that company faces in relation to changes in foreign exchange rates are divided

Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 7

Finance - Essay Example The global nature of business operations has given rise to foreign currency denominated transactions. This means that the companies have a significant amount of foreign currency receivables and payables in their financial statements. Therefore any adverse movement in the exchange rate can have a serious impact on the profitability position of the company. For this reason the companies hedge their position using financial derivative products like foreign currency options, forward contract, currency swaps, currency futures etc. The modernization of financial markets and the consequent development of advanced hedging techniques mean that the companies no more rely only on the traditional hedging methods rather now they employ various financial instruments to protect the value of their receivables. Many studies have been conducted about the foreign currency hedging practices of the companies. Academic literature relating to hedging has developed various theories that explain the incentives derived by an individual from hedging. Hedging protects the position of the hedger. Keynes states explicitly that the process of hedging eliminates risk (Ullrich, 2009, pp.107). In fact the financial derivatives can also be used for making speculative gains. This can be done by the companies who maintain a specialized risk management department as these professionals can take a position based on market anticipations. Various studies have been done to find as to why the firms hedge their overseas exposures. Some of these studies have focused on the usage of hedging tools like foreign currency derivatives and foreign currency debt (Judge, 2003). The strategy is chosen on the basis of the term of the exposure. For short-term exposures one expects that the firms will rely on derivatives. The long term exposure can be hedged using methods like issuance of debt and geographical asset diversification. A

Must young learners need teachers with a bachelor degree or not at all Research Paper

Must young learners need teachers with a bachelor degree or not at all - Research Paper Example Must young learners need teachers with a bachelor degree or not at all? Formal education requires that teachers should have at least a bachelor degree of education and must have passed the teachers licensure examination before they could be considered qualified to pursue the career of teaching. They may also improve their qualification by embarking on master and doctorate degree to possess high competence and skills in classroom administration and instruction Compared to previous system of education, modern teachers are required to be multidisciplinary in knowledge to ensure that they are able to impart full knowledge to their learners and the latter will acquire understanding and high capacity for retention of theories which they could use for critical relation with mundane and divine realities (University of California Commission on General Education, 2007). All educational institution sets standard for teachers to ensure that they are delivering quality education to the public and that they possessed core competencies on academic subjects (Atpe.org, 2013). Informal education on the other hand is not quite defined in its standards but this has been historically and philosophically developed through olden primary schools where children can be taught in an informal approach. This is done through creative ways such as excursion, painting or drawing, and mostly about reflecting on empirical experiences. Informal way of education simply requ ires â€Å"spontaneity, flexibility, naturalness, interests, sense of freedom, and self-expression. (Atpe.org, 2013, p. 1).† For primary learners who are yet at the new phase of learning process, teachers can be those who have attained certain level of education, though may not be certified yet, but is practicing such â€Å"broad and balance teaching through alternative pedagogic alternatives that is driven for conversion processes (Atpe.org, 2013, p. 1).† Who are the important people? In formal and informal education, the pivotal parties in the learning processes are the teachers, the learners, the school administrators, the local government and its agency on education, and the community, including parents The teachers are of course those professional and non-professional instructors leading the learning processes that are maybe transpiring within and outside the classroom. The learners are those that are formally enrolled in school with the interest of improving thei r knowledge base for their personal growth and to fulfil their dreams in life. The school administrators are essential part of the educational process because they are concern about administration of educational institution, the improvement of their human resources (teachers and staff), and are concern in attaining quality standard of educative processes, such as ensuring that classroom instruction are done in accordance to required curriculum, approaches or methods, and in accordance to the policies set by the Department of Education (University of California Commission on General Education, 2007). The government is also a stakeholder of education. They are responsible in formulating and implementing policies to ensure that quality education are maintained and offered by the schools for young learners and that resources are allocated for the fulfilment of the state’s vision on education and production of skilled and quality human resources (University of California Commissio n on General Education, 2007). The state could also intervene on some policy issues and infrastructural developments for public schools to address the fundamental needs to deliver that form of education that will not leave any child behind (University of Ca

Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 7

Finance - Essay Example The global nature of business operations has given rise to foreign currency denominated transactions. This means that the companies have a significant amount of foreign currency receivables and payables in their financial statements. Therefore any adverse movement in the exchange rate can have a serious impact on the profitability position of the company. For this reason the companies hedge their position using financial derivative products like foreign currency options, forward contract, currency swaps, currency futures etc. The modernization of financial markets and the consequent development of advanced hedging techniques mean that the companies no more rely only on the traditional hedging methods rather now they employ various financial instruments to protect the value of their receivables. Many studies have been conducted about the foreign currency hedging practices of the companies. Academic literature relating to hedging has developed various theories that explain the incentives derived by an individual from hedging. Hedging protects the position of the hedger. Keynes states explicitly that the process of hedging eliminates risk (Ullrich, 2009, pp.107). In fact the financial derivatives can also be used for making speculative gains. This can be done by the companies who maintain a specialized risk management department as these professionals can take a position based on market anticipations. Various studies have been done to find as to why the firms hedge their overseas exposures. Some of these studies have focused on the usage of hedging tools like foreign currency derivatives and foreign currency debt (Judge, 2003). The strategy is chosen on the basis of the term of the exposure. For short-term exposures one expects that the firms will rely on derivatives. The long term exposure can be hedged using methods like issuance of debt and geographical asset diversification. A

Castle Television Show Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Castle Television Show - Essay Example As is the relationship of the other characters on the show like Lanie Parish, the resident coroner, and her on-off boyfriend Det. Esposito and in turn, his relationship with his partner Det. Kevin Ryan. The show excels in this aspect because the writers stop to actually develop the back stories of these supporting characters. By giving them their own highlight cases and storylines every so often, the character development becomes a fluid part of the show. It is a move that helps to not only keep the stories fresh but also allow the viewers to take a liking to characters that they would otherwise not care so much about in relation to the main storyline which is the Castle - Beckett romance. â€Å"Castle† is also a show that knows not to take itself too seriously regardless of the gravity of the case. The show-runner, Andrew Marlowe, somehow manages to constantly balance the thrill of the crime with the method by which it is investigated. Richard Castle serves up hefty doses of comic relief at just the right moment every single time. This is also what makes the show uniquely special. Every time comic relief comes out of his mouth, he does so with a bit of trivia or history for the viewers to learn from. Be it a reference to Lady Gaga or a classic film noir, there is always something new for the viewers to pick up on and Google after the show. The characters are more than mere caricatures of people as presented in other crime shows. These characters actually have lives that go beyond the precinct. They are people who make mistakes as real people do. Each person portrayed can be either admired or hated depending upon the story that they are given. Take for example the character of Kate Beckett. She is the resident glamor girl on the show. She looks flawless and elegant on the outside.

Hybrid Electric Cars, Combustion Engine driven cars Essay Example for Free

Hybrid Electric Cars, Combustion Engine driven cars Essay AbstractPaper stresses the negative influence of cars on the environment. Hybrid cars technology can diminish the fuel consumption and green house gases production. Different types of electric hybrid powertrains are described Special attention is paid to electric power splitting. Comparison of fuel consumption and CO2 production of one hybrid car and one classic car on European driving cycle is published. 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,5 0 1990 Index Terms Electric hybrid vehicles, European driving cycle, Environment interference, Fuel consumption, CO2 production. Giga tons Milliards of Earth Inhabitants 10Ã'Ž 8 6 4 2 2030 2040 2050 2060 Total world production of CO2 12 2020 2030 The Kyoto protocol summarizes the production of greenhouse gases. The sum is caused not only by cars but in general by men activities on whole Earth. The result from all resources is shown in Fig. 3 which shows the world production of CO2. The Kyoto Protocol tries to estimate if the present and future trends may be sustainable and comes to conclusion that it is a duty of men to accept regulation of this dangerous development. Estimated grows of Planet Earth Population 2010 2020 Fig. 2. Estimated vehicle number on the EarthÃ'Ž Expansion of automobile traffic brought new problems like serious environmental problems with gas emission and fuel consumption. Hothouse gas emission of car combustion engines brought ecological problems namely in big cities. The expected grow of Earth inhabitants will grow as shows Fig. 1. In this paper is SI Unit System used. Milliard means giga (G), 109. 2000 2010 Years I. INTRODUCTION 0 1990 2000 2040 2050 2060 Years Fig. 1. Estimated grows of Planet Earth Population But the expected grow of automobiles will grow much rapidly. The growth will be caused mainly with inevitable living standard improving in many countries like Africa, South Asia and South America together with enlarging of population in these regions. The estimated grows of automobiles over whole Earth is shown in Fig. 2. From comparison of both figures results that the population may grow between years 2000 to 2050 from 6 to 10 milliards that means 1. 7 times, but the expected vehicle number will grow from 0. 7 to 2. 5 milliards that is 3. 6 times. This work was supported by Research Center of Combustion Engines and Automobile Technology. 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1980 Rada1 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 years Fig. 3. Total world production of CO2 These problems are so serious that they became very important theme of international discussions. Results of these discussions were settled in the Kyoto Protocol. Kyoto Protocol is an agreement made under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Automobiles produce approximately a half of the total world production of CO2. Let us imagine that a good new car produces approximately 160 g of CO2 pro each km. There are many possibilities how to diminish this terrible amount. Electric hybrid cars are produced in enlarging numbers and they reach enlarging popularity between customers. They bring a new possibility how to diminish the world CO2 production. II. ELECTRIC HYBRID CAR SYSTEMS Hybrid electric vehicles combine electric and internal combustion engine drive. Hybrid electric vehicles combine the zero pollution benefits of electric motors with the high fuel energy density benefits of the thermal engine. Hybrid electric drives adjust the combustion engine load and revolutions into the point of best motor efficiency and lowest motor emissions. [1], [4], [6], [7]. A. Basic Drive Configurations Series hybrid drive in Fig. 4 presents a combination of different energy sources. In the picture the energy sources are the combustion engine and the battery. The internal combustion engine ICE propels a generator. Total power in form of the generator electric power and the battery electric power are summed in the traction motor. There is no mechanical connection between ICE and wheels. internal combustion engine generator ICE gear box GB battery traction motor TM BAT ICE Fig. 5 Parallel hybrid drive G battery Combined switched hybrid drive in Fig. 6 is based on series hybrid drive with mechanical coupling using a clutch between generator and traction motor. It is series hybrid drive when the clutch is off. BAT traction motor internal combustion engine ICE TM generator G battery BAT coupling Fig. 4. Series hybrid drive Battery acts as energy buffer. Advantage of series hybrid drive is the possibility to operate the thermal engine ICE in optimal revolutions quite free from the car velocity. That results in low specific fuel consumption and in low gas emission for any traction load and car velocity. Efficiency of energy conversions in the system must be taken in account. Parallel hybrid drive in Fig. 5 is a combination of ICE and electric traction motor on the same shaft. Traction motor is supplied by battery and its output is separated from the ICE output. Final traction torque is sum of both motors torque. Power transmission is more effective than in series hybrid drive because the mechanical ICE output is not transformed in electrical output. But the ICE cannot work in optimal load regime because its speed is not free from the car velocity. traction motor internal combustion engine TM Fig. 6. Combined switched hybrid drive The generator supplies the electric energy to the traction motor. When the car speed and ICE speed and power are high but the difference between ICE speed and car speed is small, it is better to operate the scheme as parallel hybrid drive and the clutch is on in such a case. On this regime the ICE power and speed are high and the ICE can operate with small output changes. The difference between desired traction output and ICE optimal output is stored in or discharged from the accumulator. The drive is depicted in Fig. 9. It consists with gasoline engine, double rotor DC generator, and traction motor. traction motor Combined hybrid with planetary gear in Fig. 7 is a topology where mechanical power splitting is used. The splitting is performed in the planetary gear. In this scheme the generator rotates with speed, which is difference between the ICE and car speed. This solution allows splitting the ICE output into two parts. rotating stator control unit generator ~ ~ generator gasoline engine traction motor ICE planet gear Fig. 7. Combined hybrid with planetary grar The first part is proportional to the difference between the ICE and car speed and the second is proportional to the car speed. The first part is transformed into electric energy in the generator and supplied to the traction motor. The second part is transferred by the output planet shaft directly to car wheels. This scheme allows controlling the engine speed and torque and this is the way how to minimize fuel consumption. Electric power splitting drive using DC machines was used on Czechoslovak express motor cars in the year 1936. The patent document was emitted in Czechoslovakia with Nr 53 735 on 25. February 1936. [1], [2], [3]. DC machines were usual on railway vehicles at that time. The vehicle was called :†Slovenska Strela† and remained in service till the year 1950. It should be reconstructed and modernized later on. But electrification of the main railway connection between Prague-Kosice replaced this very interesting vehicle with express electric locomotives. Fig. 8. Express railway car â€Å"Slovenska Strela† clutch rotor output shaft Fig. 9. Electric power splitting drive of express car â€Å"Slovenska Strela† The ICE drives a DC generator which â€Å"stator† and rotor can rotate separately. The â€Å"stator† is firmly coupled with the ICE shaft. The rotor is coupled with car wheels. On the car shaft is mounted a DC electric traction motor supplied by the voltage induced in the generator. The splitting is performed in the generator. The relative speed between generator â€Å"stator† and rotor is difference between the ICE and car speeds. This solution allows split the ICE output into two parts. The first part is proportional to the difference between the ICE and car speed and the second is proportional to the car speed. The first part is transformed into electric energy in the generator and supplied to the traction motor. The second part is transferred directly by means of electromagnetic torque in the generator air gap to the car wheels. This scheme allows controlling the ICE speed independently from the car speed and this is the way how to minimize fuel consumption. Model of Electric Power Splitting Drive Using AC Machines was implemented in the laboratory of JosefÃ'Ž Bozek Research Center of Engine and Automotive Technology at the Technical University in Prague. The physical model of the drive is seen in Fig. 10. It is experimental electric hybrid car drive of a small power. [5], [9], [11], [13], [14], [15]. The output is 7. 5 kW, 0 – 6000 min-1.. Electronic converters and supercapacitor EC are integrated in the circuit between electric power divider SPGM and traction motor TM. The super capacitor as a peak energy storage has 100F, 56V and 400 A. It is able to accept the kinetic energy during braking the vehicle of the mass 1500kg from the velocity 60km/hour and regenerate it during next speeding up. Principle of the system is depicted in Fig. 10. The combustion engine COM ENG drives the electric power divider SGPM. The power divider is a special double rotor synchronous permanent magnet generator. The first rotor is firmly connected with the combustion engine shaft. The second rotor is firmly connected with the traction motor TM and with car wheels. The traction motor is supplied with electric power induced by differential velocity between first and second rotors. Parameters of this electric power (voltage, current and frequency) are changed in electronic converter in EC. Power of the combustion engine is divided into two parts. used for evaluation and comparison of car’s performance, pollution production, efficiencies etc. Simulations were performed on New European Driving Cycle NEDC. The NEDC is shown in Fig. 11. Total distance 10,9km Speed (km/hour) EC ELM CLUTCH COM ENG TM SGPM base Fig. 10. Physical model of Electric Splitting Drive Using AC Machines The incoming power P1=T1* ? 1 is the power of combustion engine producing torque T1 at angular velocity ? 1. Torque T1 is transferred with electromagnetic force to the second rotor, rotating at angular velocity ? 2 which is the same as car velocity. Power transmitted to car wheels by this torque is therefore Pm=T1*? 2. Remaining power is induced by magnetic field into the electric winding arranged on the second rotor. Neglecting losses this power is Pel=P1-Pm=T1*(? 1-? 2). Power Pel is transferred via electronic converter in EC to the traction motor TM and finally added to power Pm on car wheels. Incoming power P1 from combustion engine is by this technique divided into two parts Pm and Pel. Combustion engine can rotate with angular velocity which does not depend from the car velocity III. SIMULATION OF FUEL CONSUMPTION OF HYBRID ELECTRIC CARS Main advantage of electric hybrid cars is the diminishing of fuel consumption. The production of CO2 depends on the fuel consumption and on the working conditions of the ICE. The working conditions of the ICE are much better in electric hybrid cars than in conventional cars generally. Simulations were done with the mathematical model of Electric Power Splitting Drive Using AC Machines. Measured parameters and features obtained in the laboratory [11], [13], [14] were used for the simulation. The mathematical model of a conventional car and hybrid electric car with electric power divider was established in [15] [16]Ã'Ž Comparisons of this art are usualy done on different standard driving cycles. Standard driving cycle represents a driving pattern of a certain geographic region (North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific). These driving cycles are Time (s) Fig. 11 New European Driving Cycle Parameters of compared cars and results of simulation are shown in Tab. 1 TABLE I SIMULATION RESULTS Vehicle type, manufacturer Driving Cycle Total mass (kg) Specific Consumption during total NEDC (l/100km) Total emissions CO2 (g) Specific emissions (g/km) First case Second case NEDC Skoda 1. 2HTP NEDC 1450 1120 5. 1 5. 9 1333Ã'Ž 1540 122. 9 142 Model Fabia Two cases are shown. In both of them the New European Driving Cycle was simulated. Case first: Hybrid electric car with electric power divider. The mass of the car respects the additional mass of electric part of the powertrain. Case second: Conventional car Skoda Fabia 1. 2 HTP. The results shown in Tab. 1 allow to make following conclusions: When comparing fuel consumption and CO2 emissions between hybrid car with electric power divider versus conventional car of the same class (that means the same primary ICE engine power and respecting additional mass of the electric powertrain machines), we can conclude that the fuel consumption and CO2 emissions are significantly lower at the hybrid car. Hybridization of such cars brings not only fuel savings but also is much more environmentally friendly. I. CONCLUSION The production of dangerous greenhouse gas emissions and consumption of world energy resources become a serious problem. Especially CO2 emissions can influence the climate stability of Planet Earth. The automobile business contributes to this development a lot. But the automobile technology has space to be improved. The electric and hybrid electric vehicles can contribute to diminishing of fuel consumption and green gases production. The hybrid electric vehicles makes it possible to operate the combustion engine in more suitable regimes with better fuel combustion conditions. Some hybrid systems even enable to operate the combustion engine in best relation between power and revolutions. Systems with power dividers allow the engine to operate in revolutions that are quite independent from the car velocity. Simulations were done with the mathematical model of Electric Power Splitting Drive Using AC Machines. Measured parameters and features obtained in the laboratory were used for the simulation. Simulations were performed on New European Driving Cycle NEDC. Results of one commercial car and one hybrid electric car with electric power divider are published. Fuel consumption of the hybrid car on the new European Driving Cycle was 5,1 l/km. The commercial car consumed 5,9 l/km. The hybrid car consumption is 13. 6% lower then at commercial car. Similar numbers were obtained with respect to CO2 production. The hybrid car produced 1333 g CO2 on the New European Driving Cycle. Commercial car produced 1540 g CO2. Hybrid car with electric power divider produced 13. 5% less CO2 . REFERENCES [1] V. Klima : Electro-mechanic drive DELKA and its comparison with Dieselelectric drive. (Elektro mechanicky pohon DELKA a jeho srovnani s normalnim Diesel-elektrickym pohonem. ) Elektrotechnicky obzor 1949, Nr. 19, Pg. 489-496 [2] J. Sousedik : Patent document Czechoslovakia Nr 53 735 from 25. February 1936. [3] J. Bilek: Electric drive of motor cars â€Å"Slovenska strela† (Elektricka vyzbroj motorovych vozu â€Å"Slovenska strela†). Elektrotechnicky obzor 1937, Nr16, Pg249-253, Nr. 21 Pg. 331-336. [4] J. Mierlo: Simulation software for comparison and design of electric, hybrid electric and internal combustion vehicles with respect to energy, emission and performances. Vrije Universiteit Brussel. [5] Z. Cerovsky, P. Mindl, S. Fligl, Z. Halamka and P. Hanus: Power Electronics in Automotive Hybrid Drives, 10th International Electronics and Motion Control Conference EPE-PEMC Cavtat- Dubrovnik Croatia, September 2002, ISBN 953-184-047-4 [6] T. Denton : Automobile Electrical and Electronic Systems, SAE International ISBN 0 340 73195 8. [7] Michael H. Wesbrook: The Electric and Hybrid Electric Car, The Institution of Electrical Engineers, 2001, London [9] Lettl, J. , Fligl, S. : Matrix Converter in Hybrid Drives. Proceedings of 8th International Conference â€Å"Problems of Present-day Electrotechnics PPE 2004†, vol. 3, pp. 77-80, Ukraine, Kyiv, June 7-10, 2004, ISSN 0204-3599. [10] Lettl, J. , Fligl, S. : Matrix Converter Control System. Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium PIERS 2005 Proceedings, pp. 395-398, China, Hangzhou, August 22-26, 2005, ISBN 1-933077-07-7. [11] Cerovsky Z. , Mindl P. : Super-capacitor in hybrid drive. International Symposium on Electric Machinery in Prague ISEM 2003 , str. 110-111, ISBN 80-01- 02828-3 [12] Zdenek,J. : „Vibrationless Drive Controller Software Designâ€Å". Proc. of XI. int. symp. ISEM2003. Sept. 2003. Prague, pp. 158-165. [13] Cerovsky,Z. Mindl,P. : Hybrid Drive with Supercapacitor Energy Storage, FISITA Conference Barcelona. F193m 2004. [14] Cerovsky Z. , Mindl P. : Efficiency of Hybrid Electric Vehicle Powertrain using Electric Power-Splitting Synchronous Generator with Permanent Magnets. IPEC-Niigata 2005 [15] Mildorf M. : Mathematical model of a drive and fuel consumption of hybrid vehicle. Diploma thesis. 2007, Czech Techn. Uni. Prague. Faculty of El. Eng. [16] Simkova L. : Mathematical model of hybrid car. Bachelor thesis 2004. Czech Techn. Uni. Prague. Phaculty of El. Eng.

Small Business Development Can Beauty Parlour Marketing Essay

Small Business Development Can Beauty Parlour Marketing Essay This reflective report will describe my own role in helping the team to achieve its goal in relation to the Business plan. Also I will provide evidence of my involvement to the success of the team from the idea initiation and how I facilitated the completion of the Business plan. It started like this, I was arranged in a group of three members, a team with other group mates which were all new to me. Although we were in a same class since the beginning of the course but I was not close to them. Our group seems to understand each other quickly because of the good communication. We always solved easily problems encountered through out the exercise. As a group we were performed different tasks in making a business plan. The aim of this business is to acquire a loan from a bank, so as to help our salon CAN Beauty Parlor to start the business in relation to capital and assets. Afsa was responsible for the marketing , Christine had a task of future beauty fashions operations as well as identifying the competitors and I was responsible for preparing financial projections through the input from Afsa and Chrisstine The report also illustrates the Team work, our mutual interest as a group, idea initiation process and the experience achieved from presenting the business plan and as well as my personal views towards the whole business plan. The business plan has allowed us to work as a group and also learn of the industry as a whole and we were able to apply the academic theories we learned throughout our course . 1 TEAM WORK CAN beauty parlor came to be a perfect choice of our mutual interest of the whole group. Our group consistent of three people eager to carry out our tasks in relation to the writing the business plan. We started by splitting the tasks so that we could have competition to see who achieve the task goals as we planned. My team included Afsa Bhanji, Christine Mkwawa and myself We as a group were allocated different tasks in order to form the business plan. Afsa was responsible for the marketing, Christine had to analyse the industry and identify the competitors and I was responsible for preparing financial projections through the input from colleagues of our beauty parlor The three of us were not conversant with each other although we have been studying in the same college for some years. and we were not engaging in regular conversation during the classes so it was not easy for us to work as a team. But all three of us had an interest in setting up a beauty outlet where people will come and get quality service different from others. We came over Five stages of group development; i.e forming, norming, storming, performing and adjourning. Although the norming stage took a while but after knowing each other well the rest of the stages went much easier. As we have now completed our business plan we have finished up the adjourning stage. Christine , enjoys regular visiting most of the famous salons in town. She is a beauty lover and is always up to date with the upcoming fashions. She has contacts with several people that performs beauty at different venues in Dar es Salaam. Her strength is awareness of popular beauty trends. Afsa too is a beauty lover. Her beauty interest includes of nails, hair , and skin. She currently participated in a beauty contest in Tanzania her strength is being well conversant in the beauty industry. Myself, I dont have much interest in beauty but I love running a hotel my strength in this exercise was identifying the opportunity as I related the organic restaurant by seeing the opportunity of opening a salon using natural beauty products. We worked as a team with acknowledgement of everyones contribution related to the tasks, we coordinated and make sure we achieved our goals. 2 PROCESS OF IDEA INITIATION Our team wanted to initiate an idea which will be effective and being able to achieve the goals in the business we planned as a our group. As a team we all put forward suggestions to come over one effective Idea. Industry situation of the current market was our first priority before choosing the idea. Our discussion included:- 1. An Organic Restaurant The idea was good as the Industry is very profitable, as there is no many such restaurants which makes the business less competitive. But we hesitated getting into this business as all of us had any experience on the said business. Then we dropped the idea. 2. Dry cleaning Business . Several dry cleaners are operating in the markets. People today require this service to make their life easier. But due to investment costs to buy the modern machines and due the lack of experience in that field we deduct chose the idea. 3. Beauty Parlor. The final choice was to open a beauty salon. The whole idea was a bit difficult as how our project will succeed while they is a fleet of salon in Tanzania. We came out with the Idea of differencing ourselves from other by opening a Beauty Salon by using Natural Beauty Products. Our final choice which was a beauty Parlor was an interest of the whole group. process of idea initiation has been very difficult to us as we had to take risk by introducing natural beauty products which is the new product in the beauty industry. What we had to do was laying out strategies and make sure we implemented them accordingly. 3 PRESENTATION EXPERIENCE Presenting the CAN Beauty parlour to our tutor allowed us to see the other side of our business plan. After passing through the pages of the written business plan; obvious would come out with several questions to the parts that needs more elaboration. We were informed of executive summary was too brief as doesnt show everything in our business plan, we were needed to elaborate a bit more. We were also needed to draw a graph showing the break even point. Presentation always adds weight to the Business plan as the investors may have a clear picture as the presents will be able to deliver what is need from the investors, question will be answered and criticism can be responded during the exercise of presentation. Presentation is a good experience as the panel can ask questions and need elaborations as we can communicate orally which will hell the business man to defend the projections written in the business plan. 4 ALTERNATIVE SCENARIO The beauty Industry is tightly come but only self I can optimistic to the group of our Beauty Parlour as per business plan. As we differentiated ourselves by using the natural products our business will be able to increase its profit by 5% every year as we projected in our financial parts. The services we offer will attract many people as the product are new in this Industry. Our service will be delivered by professional staff which will make our parlour more popular once customers experience our services. Another factor that greatly effects our growth is our initial geographic location. CAN beauty parlour will be located in Masaki near the shopping mall and tourist hotel. Our target market is a small portion of the population compromising of the middle and high income earners who are either employed or operate their own business. Our initial location will tend to gain the business of these customers due to the traffic. Lastly, the demand for healthy beauty products we will be able to make a good business as the health concern is the major issue among the people living in urban areas 5 ACADEMIC THEORIES IN THE BUSINESS PLAN We were able to apply to our project a shared leadership once we divided our team in three different parts according to the tasks we were able to take responsibilities for different parts of the business plan. We learned that everyone can work towards a common goal and there is no need to be just one separate leader.   Every member has a share in helping to lead the group. With the experience of leadership we also showed the importance of being ethical leaders, Ethical leadership is very important in any organization. . We were also able to analyse the current situation of the beauty industry attractiveness and profitability by using Michael Porters five forces. The Business plan was a great example for us to apply our knowledge of our academic theories. Our small group was able to make our business plan very effective since we had meetings every week we were able to keep it going without much toil. Another topic which came to our help is the SWOT analysis this frame work helped us to identify our competitors and where our firm stand by identifying our strengths and weaknesses, and also the business model the use off differentiation strategies here we displayed our competitive advantage using the natural beauty products which is different from our competitors. The use of the those theories helped us to increase our knowledge as we applied the in the real situation and see it working. By using the roles in making the business plan will help us a lot in our effort to make our job easier in the future. . 6 ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATION OF BUSINESS PLAN The main importance of the business plan is the industry analysis as well as market plan. It is through the industry analysis that businessman will be able to fully known the current market situations and also thoroughly identify it competitors. The industry analysis allows an entrepreneur to initiate the first decision whether to enter the market as well as the final.. A well written Business Plan is the true picture of any business because it gives details on how you plan to serve your customers and retain them. The Business Plan is important to any business as it is based in operation and management plans. Referring to our business plan the Industry analysis is will give our business an advantage to fully view the current market situation and thoroughly Identifies our competitors, and also help in knowing our competitive advantage which in this case is the differentiation strategy on our services using the natural Beauty Products. A well written Business Plan make implementation of strategies easier and helps to increase business market share. But the disadvantage could be As we projected that our financial growth will be 5% every year, this will be actionable if the implementation of the strategies will be as planned. Comparing to the actual operation the projected growth in the business plan could be wrong. 7 OTHER AREAS AND CONCLUSION The overall process of developing the business plan was very challenging. As different individuals are involved, it is difficult to come up with one point of view and hence there can be a few of disagreements and then to see the situation again and come to the final decision. I enjoyed making the business plan of the CAN Beauty Parlor with my team members. In the process, I learnt a lot of things about the Salon industry in our country. We took up the chance of introducing the salon services by using the natural products and we are certain that the business will achieve growth or expansion in the future. Conclusions I have benefited from the Business Plan writing in a number of ways: 1. I enjoyed making the business plan of the CAN Beauty Parlor with my team members. In the process, I learnt a lot of things about the Salon industry in our country 3. The overall process of developing the business plan was very challenging . Areas of Improvement I think that the Business Plan writing can be of greater relevance if more time is allowed for sitting together as a team. I have I now realize that getting business done as projected requires much more knowledge and practice of a written Business Plan Lastly, I would like to thank Afsa for her cooperation throughout the exercise in the team and whenever I was stuck she gave me advice, she was always there to give me a hand.. 8

Past and Present Views on Gossip Essay -- Exploratory Essays Research

Past and Present Views on Gossip Culture is constantly changing: the prevailing beliefs and trends of one period can vary substantially from those of another. A significant consequence of this cultural flux is gradual evolution in the meanings of some words. Since language is naturally tied to culture, it is not surprising that these changes occur. Words have meaning only in the context of the current social climate; therefore their definitions change synchronously with cultural progression. The meaning of the word gossip, for example, changed several times over, from its original definition of kindred relation to its present definition of empty talk. How did this progression take shape? As society adopted new trends and beliefs, the meaning of the word gossip changed from having religious connotations to having more social connotations. The original meaning of the word gossip had strong religious undertones, implying that society and culture then were very religious-minded. Stemming from the Middle English roots "god" and "sib", the word gossip referred to a person who sponsored a baptism and shared a spiritual rapport with another. During this time period, Christianity was a newly emerging religion, and one of its most sacred rituals was baptism. It was also becoming an increasingly important part of society and culture. Undermining baptism, therefore, would have been an insult to the religion, but associating it with spirituality would have been an avowal of Christianity, a recognition of this new force in people's lives. Sponsorship of a baptism and spiritual affinity were connected primarily because religion was such a predominant force at the time. However, the word gossip progressively lost its religious connot... ... "talking about other people, even in a negative way, is not just socially useful but indispensable" (Cohen B7). Cohen's point emphasizes that the driving force behind this etymological evolution is often change in the social environment, particularly in the attitudes of the people using a certain word. Gossip in its original sense was probably used in ecclesiastical circles. As ordinary people started using the term more frequently, the word gossip started to lose its religious undercurrents and slowly gained social connotations. Used by women, the term's definition evolved to reflect an activity shared by many of them. Today, the word's derogatory sense may reflect increased cynicism among people. As Cohen points out, though, the meaning of the word gossip is likely to change, and this change hints at possible trends - and kinds of people - society will face next.

Republic Day Essay

In India, Republic Day honors the date on which the Constitution of India came into force replacing the Government of India Act 1935 as the governing document of India on 26 January 1950. The date of 26 January was chosen to honour the declaration of independence of 1930. It is one of the three national holidays in India. While the main parade takes place in the national capital, New Delhi, at the Rajpath before the President of India (currently Pranab Mukherjee), the anniversary is also celebrated with varying degrees of formality in state capitals and other centres. India achieved independence from British rule on 15 August 1947 following the Indian independence movement noted for largely peaceful nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience led by the Indian National Congress. The independence came through the Indian Independence Act 1947, an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that partitioned British India into the two new independent Dominions of the British Commonwealth (later Commonwealth of Nations): India and Pakistan. India obtained its independence on 15 August 1947 as a constitutional monarchy with George VI as head of state and the Earl Mountbatten as governor-general. The country, though, did not yet have a permanent constitution; instead its laws were based on the modified colonial Government of India Act 1935. On 28 August 1947, the Drafting Committee was appointed to draft a permanent constitution, with Dr.B. R. Ambedkar as chairman. While India’s Independence Day celebrates its freedom from British Rule, the Republic Day celebrates the coming into force of its constitution.

Enable Rights and Choices of Indivduals with Dementia Whilst

ENABLE RIGHTS AND CHOICES OF INDIVIDUALS WITH DEMENTIA WHILST MINIMISING RISKS 1 UNDERSTAND KEY LEGISLATION AND AGREED WAYS OF WORKING THAT SUPPORT THE FULFILMENT OF RIGHTS AND CHOICES OF INDIVIDUALS WITH DEMENTIA WHILE MINIMISING RISK OF HARM 1.1 The key legislations are Adult and Incapacity Act 2000, Mental Health Act 2007, Disability Discrimination Act 1995, Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act 2006 and the Mental Capacity Act 2005. Human Rights Act. These are all core principals of legislation regarding an individual with dementia. Policies and procedures and agreed ways of working and safeguarding Individuals is another key factor. All organisations and authorities have a duty of care towards an Individual with dementia, GPs, Social Workers, Health Visitors, Family and Carers. All Individuals with dementia have the rights to make choices. Individuals with dementia should be encouraged to make as many decisions as possible for them; however they must be guided so they stay within the Mental Capacity Act 2005. Related article: Legal and Organisational Requirements for Dealing With Complaints We must assume that the Individual with dementia has capacity unless it has been assumed that they lack the capacity to make choices. We must not think that an Individual is not to be treated as unable to make a decision unless this has been established. An Individual is not to be treated as unable to make a decision because they might not always make a wise decision. If a decision is made under the Mental Capacity Act on behalf of the Individual, the decision must be made for the best interests of the Individual. Before a decision can be made on behalf of the Individual we must ask ourselves whether the purpose of the decision can be effectively achieved in a way that would not restrict the Individuals rights and freedom of choice and action. We also have to adhere to the Human Rights Act and code of Practises. The Individual with dementia will have to be risk assessed. The Individual will be encouraged to make their own choices and decisions, if they make an unwise decision they should be offered other options which will help lead them to make a wise decision. Risk needs to be balanced with Independence and Individuals choices and working within legislations. We should not assume that all Individuals with dementia are vulnerable; this depends entirely on the stages of dementia. We should not restrict the Individuals from having choices and making decisions for themselves. Risk assessments can be very complex as no two assessors will come to the same conclusion regarding the Individual. We have to let the Individual with dementia take a certain amount of risk for themselves, allowing this to happen makes the Individual feel worthy and independent and more at ease with their illness. If we were to put everything an Individual did down as a risk the Individual would feel worthless, inadequate, and useless and they would feel that they are a burden on their family. We have to weigh up the risk against the danger this is the key. If we were to take away all the choices and decisions and have someone else make these decisions and choices on behalf of the Individual this would have a negative impact on the Individual as they would be having everything took away from them and they wouldn’t feel in control. A positive impact on allowing the Individual to take risks, the Individual can still do their day to day activities etc, make their own meals, make cups of tea, do their own housework, laundry, take bathes, go for walks. Wherever possible we should eliminate high risks and look at ways to reduce these risks so they become low risks etc, supporting an Individual to make their meal observing them so they don’t hurt themselves, or accompany them on a walk etc. 1.2 People with dementia may have other difficulties too, like loss of hearing, make sure that the hearing aids are working well and that you speak to them in a loud clear voice so they can understand you. The person could also be in pain or discomfort, they could be having side effects from medication which will affect the way they communicate with you. Other problems would be eyesight, make sure they are wearing the correct prescription of glasses. Dentures are important as well, if the dentures are loose fitting then this will affect the person’s speech and this will be frustrating for them . 3Personal Information comes under the Data Protection Act 1998. We have to make sure personal Information is confidential. We have to know how to handle the personal Information, agreed ways of working, policies and procedures are all legislation frameworks. The Information should be processed fairly and lawfully. The Personal Data should be processed for limited purposes. The informat ion should be adequate, relevant and the information should be for the purpose of whom the information is processed for. The information should be kept up to date and accurate. The information should not be kept longer than intended for. The Persona Data will be processed in accordance with the rights of data subject under the Act. Measures are in place to avoid the information being lost or unauthorised and unlawfully processed or damaged to. The Personal Information shall not be transferred to another country outside the European Economic Area unless that country ensures an adequate level of protection for the rights and freedoms of data. Personal Information may be shared with others, consent is needed to do this at all times from the Individual or in the case of an emergency, abuse, or if neglect is suspected. If the Individual is mentally incapable, informed consent should be given by the family or next of kin. Information that is shared with an advocate should be information that is for the Individuals best interest, Exchange of information from one organisation to another should be shared and done securely and access to the information should be controlled. Personal Information may be shared with carers who have access to the information regarding the service user. The carer will write up her findings when she has visited the service user and they will be on the log sheets in the care plan. When another carer goes to visit the service user they will look at the previous notes the other carer had documented and they will have a better understanding of the service user’s situation and needs. This is one form of information sharing also the carer will access information from the care plan and from the med sheets. If a service user was to be hospitalised the paramedics may need the care plan and log sheets so they can read up and see if any information documented is relevant to the response of the paramedic. Also if a service user was to go into a care home the care plan and log sheets would be taken in to the home so the relevant members of staff could read the data and have a better understanding of the service user. The Medication sheet would also be in with the care plan; a key factor is getting consent to access information. BE ABLE TO MAXIMISE THE RIGHTS AND CHOICES OF INDIVIDUALS WITH DEMENTIA 2.1 SEE STANDARDS 2.2 It is very important not to assume that an Individual with dementia cannot make their own decisions. From the time the Individual has been diagnosed the time scale is important as this gives the Individual time and may be capacity or limited capacity to make own choices and decisions. This is the time when the relevant authorities should prompt the Individual and gather as much information about the Individual; this information can come from the Individual, the family, the next of kin. Information on preferences, choices and decisions and wishes. Information on Individuals life experiences, strengths and abilities, family history, favourite foods, pastimes, hobbies, favourite drinks, dislikes, likes, favourite radio station, favourite tv programmes, routines, clothes the Individual likes to wear and socialising. All the information and choices and preferences will help the Individual and the people supporting the individual prepare for the future. Early diagnosis of an Individual will give the Individual the rights to their freedom and this must be respected. As dementia advances the risk assessment plan will need to be reviewed and the care plan may need to change to accommodate the changes within the Individual. We should still encourage the Individual to make decisions and choices as much as possible, bearing in mind the risks which come with these decisions and choices. All the choices and decisions should be monitored and recorded. Taking away the rights of an Individual with dementia can be soul destroying, it can be frustrating, the Individual may become depressed, withdrawn, feel isolated, worthless, a burden, emotionally detatched and angry. Every emotion a normal person feels, the Individual with dementia will feel the same but on a higher scale. Dementia Individuals need to be in an environment of comfort and empowerment. The Individual will respond better to a person centered approach. The Individual needs to feel a sense of belonging and attached, they need to feel included and feel part of a group or physical setting, they need to be occupied and kept busy just as they was in their everyday life before they got the illness. Their environment needs to be created so that the Individual has support and can do the things they have always enjoyed doing. All Individuals with dementia have their own personal Identity they are all unique so learning about their life stories and experiences can be of benefit to the care they receive as the information learnt can be built into their interactions within their care plan needs. 2.3 SEE STANDARDS. 3 BE ABLE TO INVOLVE CARERS AND OTHERS IN SUPPORTING INDIVIDUALS WITH DEMENTIA 3.1 SEE STANDARDS. 3.2 There can be conflicts and disagreements between carers and Individuals with dementia and also conflicts with family members. When the problem arises we have to address the problem and try and resolve the problem as soon as possible. We have to take into account the rights and choices of the Individual and balance this with the risk and safeguarding of the Individual. An Individual who has dementia may not want carers to come into their homes; they may not want anybody doing things for them and refuse the help. This can be frustrating for the carer however the carer may talk to the Individual in a subtle way and explain that he or she is not here to take over their lives but just here to help support them when they need help and just here to see that the Individual has had their medications. The carer will find it useful to read the Individuals notes and care plan and get as much information as possible on the Individual. The carer will have to reassure the Individual and try and gain their trust. The carer may ask the Individual if you could accompany them to the shops or to an appointment etc. The Individual must be allowed to take risks however if the risks look like they are dangerous or appear to be harmful we must explain the reasons to the Individual. If we cannot resolve the problem there and then, we must record the information and report it to the manager of the company supplying the service. The manager will take the appropriate action with the relevant authorities. The safeguarding of the Individual is paramount and we should never ignore potential high risks or dangers to the Individual, and we must work to policies and procedures and agreed ways of working at all times. 3.3 All organisations and service providers have a system for complaints and procedures these are legal requirements. Everybody has the right to complain about poor quality services, services not being delivered, services that Individuals need but are not being supplied, conflict with carers, service providers. The Individual will have a document of complaints within their care package. The document should be clear and informative on how to make a complaint. The document will state who the complaint should be made to and timescales for when the complaint will be dealt by. If an Individual with dementia wanted to make a complaint I would support them and if they wanted I would read the document to them and support them in filling out the form. If the Individual with dementia didn’t have full capacity to fill out the form I would liaise with the next of kin, family members or advocates. I would inform them that the Individual would like to make a complaint and if they would like to help the Individual to fill the form out providing the Individual gave consent. I would explain how the complaints system works and when they would receive a response to the complaint. I would inform my manager that the service user or service user’s family have made a complaint and I would take the complaint in an addressed envelope to my manager as soon as possible. When handling a complaints document with an Individual with dementia I would work within the Mental Capacity Act 2005. I would explain to the Individual and the next of kin that the document is confidential and that it will be dealt with in a professional manner and that the complainant has nothing to worry about regarding the complaint and explain that it is their right of choice to complain. I would also explain that whilst complaints are being dealt with it makes the service user resolve the problems and also it is of benefit to the organisations in ensuring the problems don’t occur again and that they get it right first time and this will have a positive impact on the organisations. If a carer wanted to make a complaint about another carer they would follow the same procedure in filling out the document and they would take it to the manager. The manager would explain that in making the complaint it does not jeopardise their employment as they have a right and choice as whether to make a complaint. The manager would work towards resolving the complaint in a professional manner so that the employees can move forward and be happy in their work. 4 BE ABLE TO MAINTAIN THE PRIVACY DIGNITY AND RESPECT OF INDIVIDUALS WITH DEMENTIA WHILST PROMOTING RIGHTS AND CHOICES 4.1 From a personal experience of supporting an Individual with dementia to maintain privacy and dignity, I have found that the more I get to know the Individual and them getting to know me the easier it has become for both of us to feel comfortable about maintaining privacy and dignity. Personal care and hygiene is a key factor. We should support the Individual to maintain their personal hygiene and appearance and their living environment to the standards that they want. We should respect their choices and decisions of choice of dress, hairstyle etc. We should let the Individual with dementia make own choices and decisions. We should not make assumptions about standards of hygiene for Individuals. We should respect cultural factors and take them into consideration when supporting the Individual. Supporting the Individual to have a clean appearance and pleasant environment is good for the Individuals self esteem. Supporting female Individuals with dementia helps them to keep their home nice and clean and helps towards maintaining their dignity and self respect. Supporting a male Individual with dementia, he may need support with shaving, maybe prompting the Individual to shave will all it will take and the Individual may go to the bathroom and have a shave and this will allow him to maintain his dignity and respect for himself. Supporting an Individual to have good hygiene will also reduce the risk of infection and promote well being. We should ensure that the Individuals personal preferences are respected as well as their choice in how to support them. Personal hygiene can be of many aspects, washing, bathing, showering, denture care, oral hygiene, foot care, hair care, grooming, nail care, toilet care , continence needs, dressing and undressing, laundry and housekeeping. We should treat every Individual with dementia with respect like we would anybody else. We should provide a person centered approach towards their care, putting the Individual at the centre of care. Communication shows how we respect the Individuals and this will help maintain their dignity and respect. Privacy is also a key factor for an Individual with dementia; privacy must be respected at all times. We should respect privacy where people have personal relationships and sexual relationships. We should always ask permission and knock before we enter an Individuals personal space. We should get permission before accessing Individuals possessions and documents; we should provide space and privacy for Individuals private conversations. We should make sure the Individual receives their personal mail unopened, we should always pull the door too if the Individual is getting dressed or undressed and doesn’t require support. We must comply with the Human Rights Act 1998 as this gives the Individual the rights for respect, dignity, privacy and a private family life. Individuals with dementia should receive care and treatment in a dignified manner that does not embarrass them, humiliate them or expose them. Legislation states that the Individual with dementia are to be treated as equal to everybody else. If an Individual with dementia had a toilet accident or was having regular toilet accidents, I would support the Individual by assuring them that it is ok and that it doesn’t matter and that it can be cleaned up. I would encourage the Individual to go to the bathroom whilst still assuring them. I would close the bathroom door and support the Individual to take off their soiled clothing and prompt the Individual to maybe shower or have a bath or a wash whilst still ensuring them everything is ok, I would encourage the Individual to have a bath in privacy that’s if they didn’t need support with getting in the bath or shower, I would let them wash themselves in privacy and when they had finished I would knock on the door and ask if they were ok and support them to put clean fresh clothes on so they feel fresh and clean again. If the problem was ongoing I would report the problem to my manager as the Individual may need extra support and may need continence pads or pants, I would also discuss this with the Individual in a subtle way. I would work to policies and procedures and agreed ways of working and adhere to professional boundaries. 4. 2 SEE STANDARDS. 4. 3 SEE STANDARDS.

What are the arguments for and against the state taking on responsibility for social welfare?

The different arguments for and against the state taking on responsibility for social welfare have been powerfully put across by people of opposing political persuasions in Britain over the last 60 years. In this essay, therefore, I intend to use Britain's welfare state to exemplify arguments for and against the state taking primary responsibility for social welfare. The welfare state in Britain was introduced in 1945 by the newly elected Labour government. Although this was the first comprehensive attempt at creating a functional welfare state it is important to note that it was not an entirely new policy. In fact, we can trace back to 1601 to find an early attempt at implementing a state welfare provision – the Poor Law. The theory behind this legislation was that the poor were to be categorized into the deserving (â€Å"the impotent poor†) and the undeserving (â€Å"the persistent idlers†). There were many obvious flaws in the methodology and logic in the implementation of the Poor Law but it must be recognised that this was an early attempt at providing a social welfare system. This demonstrates that for hundreds of years a case has been made for some measure of state social welfare provision. It is also vital not to underestimate the impact the studies carried out by social researchers such as Rowntree (1901) and Booth (1902) had on the forming and implementation of a social welfare provision in 1945. The Beveridge report (1942) pointed to the â€Å"chaotic† and â€Å"piecemeal† introduction of changes into the system and stated the need for a new and more comprehensive system to be installed. Beveridge's report was underpinned by the need to cure the â€Å"five giants†. Beveridge identified these â€Å"five giants† as: Idleness, Squalor, Ignorance, Want and Disease. He identified the need for a state commitment to securing full employment to combat idleness. He argued public housing must be available for all citizens to rent. To cure ignorance he suggested the need for a free education system for anyone up to the age of 15. He suggested the implementation of a national health service to help cure disease. Finally, Beveridge argued that National Insurance benefits should be handed out to all in need. The welfare state had to be introduced in a series of acts, notably the National Health Service Act (1946), the Education Act (1944), the Family Allowance Act (1945). At the time there was much reluctance towards carrying out all of the proposals. The arguments against this degree of state provision stemmed from concerns about cost and the fundamental principles of welfare (e. g. how decisions are made and who should be entitled to receive welfare). Because of the reluctance that grew from the fact that these arguments were never resolved. Beveridge's suggestions were never fully implemented but his ideas still clearly formed the inspiration for the future of welfare reform. One of the main criticisms of Beveridge's proposals and of the concept of a welfare state is that a number of important assumptions have to be made for it to function successfully. For example, within the report, Beveridge makes the assumption that married women would be full time housewives and that for most of their lives women would not be employed. Therefore, married women would only receive benefits through men, thus, creating a culture which encourages women's reliance on men. Because of this feminists have argued that the British welfare state relied on a â€Å"familial ideology† and treated women as second class citizens. This example of the role of women within the welfare state illustrates the point that any welfare system is not neutral that is based on ideological assumptions. These assumptions will influence the way that different members of the public will respond to state provision of welfare. Another example of these ideological assumptions would be the 17th century belief that only the â€Å"impotent poor† deserve state welfare. The economics of Britain's state welfare system have also come under a lot of criticism. These critics argue there are some fundamental flaws with the economic ideology underpinning the system. Firstly, for the welfare state to operate properly and fairly their must be nearly full employment in the country where it is based as, in theory, this will maximize tax revenue and minimize unemployment benefits. This system worked relatively effectively until the early 1970's. However, due to the relative decline of the UK economy, Britain suffered an economic crisis and unemployment started rising rapidly. Since then mass unemployment has been a serious problem within British society. Critics suggest that this is proof of how dependent a welfare state is on a prosperous economy. Basically this meant that the welfare state was reliant on capitalism – rather than contributing to the undermining or softening of its most brutal aspects . The New Right have made strong arguments against state welfare provision. The 1979 election brought into power a conservative government that had a new and radical approach to public expenditure and the welfare state as a whole. Probably the most notable change in policy brought in by the New Right was the end of the commitment to full employment that previous governments had encouraged. The New Right believed in a â€Å"natural level of employment†. They felt that this â€Å"natural level of employment† was being undermined by wages being too high due to the actions of trade unions. Therefore, they argued that the market would solve unemployment by creating downward pressure on wages. Because of this, the differential between wages and benefits was increased by creating downward pressure on benefit levels and therefore welfare expenditure. However, despite this right wing shift in political thinking, there was no major change in welfare expenditure until the late 1980's. The year 1988 was an important one in terms of implications for the welfare state as it represented a far more radical application of New Right thinking towards the welfare state. Firstly, the New Right introduced a shift from the previous system of universal provision towards a system based more upon selective provision. For example, some of the benefits that were previously available to everyone (universal) became only available to some via a â€Å"means test† (selective). This was a big move that completely contradicted the universal method employed by previous more left wing governments. Another change made by the New Right was the introduction of privatization and marketization. An example of this is the case of the sale of council houses. The public housing stock was privatized and sold off in an attempt to create a market for the council housing which had originally in Beveridge's thinking, been intended for public ownership and private rent. Another major shift made by the Conservative government was towards community care. There was a trend for mentally ill, elderly and disabled people to be moved from institutions to care in the community. However, what this basically meant was that rather than institutional care the responsibility was shifted onto the family. It is also very important to note that care in the community was considerably cheaper for the state to maintain than institutional care. The New Right also consciously made an effort to change the public's perception of welfare – shifting away from the view that the state is the only provider of welfare. The responsibility of the state was reduced through the encouragement of private provision and by emphasizing the importance of the charitable and voluntary sector. This is one of the central strands of the argument against state welfare provision. At this juncture it is important to consider the effect privatization has had on society and the welfare state. Since the New Right introduced new policy pertaining to welfare in 1979 there have been a number of examples of the UK government seeking to encourage private provision of welfare. People have been encouraged to take out private insurance plans for their welfare needs and the number of people covered by private health insurance rose from 2. million to 5. 2 million between 1976 and 1986 (Julian Le Grand, 1990). In the mid 1980's the Conservative government tried to shift sickness insurance and pension insurance into the private sector also. These plans, however, never came to fruition owing to major criticism and insurance companies expressing a reluctance to take up policies for all employees Hutton (1996) strongly criticizes the New Rights welfare expenditure policy. He argues against the belief that public expenditure should be reduced during troubled times for the economy. Hutton believes that the cuts are spurred by political ideology rather then by economic need. In Hutton's words â€Å"apart from Iceland, Britain runs the meanest, tightest, lowest-cost social security system in the world†. Hutton alleges that the twenty-first century will see a large rise in the amount of tax revenue available to fund welfare payments. The voluntary sector must also be discussed when considering arguments for and against the state taking on responsibility for the welfare state. Organizations such as Barnados, the Salvation Army and the NSPCC provide voluntary care. They serve a different role to statutory bodies set up by Parliament, but the views of these voluntary providers are respected and need to be taken into account as well. These organizations tend to have specialized expertise and experience in certain areas and the government can benefit from this knowledge. A major bonus of voluntary provision is that they are often very cost effective as unpaid volunteers are often used. It is estimated by Knapp (1989) that the total amount of public-sector support for voluntary provision between 1983 and 1986 was i3151 million. However, there are also inherent weaknesses in voluntary provision. The biggest and most blatant problem stems from the nature of voluntary work as it cannot be guaranteed. Critics also point to the fact that voluntary work may be unequally provided across the country. The service can therefore be inconsistent and the advice from the voluntary sector to government might differ depending on the region. It is also suggested that due to financial restrictions the voluntary sector will never be anything more than a secondary level service that relies on the state or private sector provision. Social security benefits are the most redistributive aspect of the welfare state as they distribute income to the poorest people in the country. A point in favour of a social welfare system, from a socialist or social democratic perspective, is that the social security benefits can be used to redistribute wealth to make society economically fairer by heavily taxing the rich and giving it to the poorest people in society. On the other hand, opponents see this as a Robin Hood aspect of state social welfare which demotivates both the richest and the poorest people in the country – encouraging idleness (one of the â€Å"five giants† beveridge was trying to eradicate) amongst the poor and encouraging the rich to leave the country. The New Right when in power, therefore, cut back on the redistributive aspects of welfare provision. The one-off grant system that was previously in effect was replaced in the 1986 and 1988 security acts and 16 to 18 year olds entitlement to income support was revoked. In current political debates the Conservative party, now in opposition frequently accuse the Labour party of redistributing wealth from the rich to the poor via â€Å"underhand† or â€Å"stealthy† methods. This is an indication that the argument about the extent to which the state should take responsibility for social welfare remains highly contested. Where you stand on this issue is fundamental to your political beliefs and how you will vote.